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arXiv:2510.24845 · Physical Review Letters

Frustration-Free Control and Absorbing-State Transport in Entangled State Preparation

Tobias Dörstel, Thomas Iadecola, Justin H. Wilson, Michael Buchhold

Published Feb 27, 2026• 1 citation
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We introduce frustration-free control, a measurement-feedback framework for quantum state preparation that extends frustration-free Hamiltonians to monitored stochastic dynamics. The protocol drives many-body systems into highly entangled target states, common dark states of all measurement projectors, through minimal local unitary corrections that realize an absorbing-state dynamics without postselection. We show that relaxation to the target state is governed by emergent transport of nonlocal charges, such as singlet excitations in SU(2)-symmetric dynamics. While measurement feedback annihilates compatible charge configurations, both measurement and scrambling unitaries induce charge transport and thus determine the convergence time. Mapping a baseline model of SU(N) SWAP measurements with local corrections to a solvable absorbing random walk yields a run-time scaling t∼L^{z} with transport exponent z=2. Simulations of Motzkin and Fredkin chains reveal subdiffusive scaling z≥8/3, confirming absorbing-state transport as a general organizing principle for deterministic entangled-state preparation and transport diagnostics in monitored quantum dynamics.

DOI
10.1103/zp25-ppgk

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We introduce frustration-free control, a measurement-feedback framework for quantum state preparation that extends frustration-free Hamiltonians to monitored stochastic dynamics. The protocol drives many-body systems into highly entangled target states, common dark states of all measurement projectors, through minimal local unitary corrections that realize an absorbing-state dynamics without postselection. We show that relaxation to the target state is governed by emergent transport of nonlocal charges, such as singlet excitations in SU(2)-symmetric dynamics. While measurement feedback annihilates compatible charge configurations, both measurement and scrambling unitaries induce charge transport and thus determine the convergence time. Mapping a baseline model of SU(N) SWAP measurements with local corrections to a solvable absorbing random walk yields a run-time scaling t∼L^{z} with transport exponent z=2. Simulations of Motzkin and Fredkin chains reveal subdiffusive scaling z≥8/3, confirming absorbing-state transport as a general organizing principle for deterministic entangled-state preparation and transport diagnostics in monitored quantum dynamics.
Preparing algebraically correlated ground states of quantum many-body systems is an important, yet challenging task for quantum simulation. We introduce a protocol that employs local projective measurements and unitary feedback for frustration-free gapless systems. Our approach prepares a priori unknown ground states in time that scales polynomially with system size. We analytically show the performance our protocol for the dynamics of a single-particle; we argue the same mechanism generalizes to many-body systems based on the physics of quasiparticles. Our theory predicts that a transient cooling dynamics directly reveals the system's universal critical properties. In particular, the state preparation time is linear in the inverse of the finite-size gap (up to log correction) when the system's dynamical critical exponent is larger or equal the effective spatial dimension explored by the quasiparticles. We verify these predictions in numerical simulations of ferromagnetic Heisenberg models in one- and two dimensions, a Fredkin spin chain, and a two-dimensional model of resonating valence bond states. Our protocol stabilizes gapless many-body ground states fully digitally without requiring analog rotations, enabling access to high-fidelity states beyond conventional adiabatic approaches in near-term experiments.
Preparing algebraically correlated ground states of quantum many-body systems is an important, yet challenging task for quantum simulation. We introduce a protocol that employs local projective measurements and unitary feedback for frustration-free gapless systems. Our approach prepares a priori unknown ground states in time that scales polynomially with system size. We analytically show the performance of our protocol for the dynamics of a single particle; we argue the same mechanism generalizes to many-body systems based on the physics of quasiparticles. Our theory predicts that the transient cooling dynamics directly reveals the system's universal critical properties. In particular, the state preparation time is linear in the inverse of the finite-size gap (up to log correction) when the system's dynamical critical exponent is larger than or equal to the effective spatial dimension explored by the quasiparticles. We verify these predictions in numerical simulations of ferromagnetic Heisenberg models in one and two dimensions, a Fredkin spin chain, and a two-dimensional model of resonating valence bond states. Our protocol stabilizes gapless many-body ground states fully digitally without requiring analog rotations, enabling access to high-fidelity states beyond conventional adiabatic approaches in near-term experiments.
Many-body unitary dynamics interspersed with repeated measurements display a rich phenomenology hallmarked by measurement-induced phase transitions. Employing feedback-control operations that steer the dynamics toward an absorbing state, we study the entanglement entropy behavior at the absorbing state phase transition. For short-range control operations, we observe a transition between phases with distinct subextensive scalings of entanglement entropy. In contrast, the system undergoes a transition between volume-law and area-law phases for long-range feedback operations. The fluctuations of entanglement entropy and of the order parameter of the absorbing state transition are fully coupled for sufficiently strongly entangling feedback operations. In that case, entanglement entropy inherits the universal dynamics of the absorbing state transition. This is, however, not the case for arbitrary control operations, and the two transitions are generally distinct. We quantitatively support our results by introducing a framework based on stabilizer circuits with classical flag labels. Our results shed new light on the problem of observability of measurement-induced phase transitions.
Measurement-induced entanglement phase transitions in monitored quantum circuits have stimulated activity in a diverse research community. However, the study of measurement-induced dynamics, due to the requirement of exponentially complex postselection, has been experimentally limited to small or specially designed systems that can be efficiently simulated classically. We present a solution to this outstanding problem by introducing a scalable protocol in U(1)U(1)U(1) symmetric circuits that facilitates the observation of entanglement phase transitions \emph{directly} from experimental data, without detailed assumptions of the underlying model or benchmarking with simulated data. Thus, the method is applicable to circuits which do not admit efficient classical simulation and allows a reconstruction of the full entanglement entropy curve with minimal theoretical input. Our approach relies on adaptive circuits and a steering protocol to approximate pure-state trajectories with mixed ensembles, from which one can efficiently filter out the subsystem U(1)U(1)U(1) charge fluctuations of the target trajectory to obtain its entanglement entropy. The steering protocol replaces the exponential costs of postselection and state tomography with a scalable overhead which, for fixed accuracy εεε and circuit size LLL, scales as Ns∼L5/2/ε\mathcal{N}_s\sim L^{5/2}/εNs​∼L5/2/ε.
Ground-state preparation is a critical task in quantum simulation and quantum computing, as it enables the study of correlated phases and the generation of entangled resource states. While measurement--feedback control has emerged as a promising route to state preparation, existing schemes either rely on handcrafted, task-specific policies or are designed using full quantum-state information that is unavailable in real experiments and becomes impractical for large many-body systems. Here we develop an adaptive measurement--feedback protocol based on reinforcement learning under partial observability. The controller uses only the history of experimentally accessible measurement outcomes to choose both the measurement operator and the feedback action in real time. To make training compatible with experiments, we introduce a stochastic terminal reward built from one-shot measurements of randomly sampled Hamiltonian components, avoiding unphysical full-state reconstruction while remaining an unbiased estimator of the target energy. We demonstrate the method by preparing ground states of the Bose--Hubbard model and by generating GHZ states, establishing a scalable and hardware-compatible route to quantum state preparation.
Adaptive quantum circuits—where a quantum many-body state is controlled using measurements and conditional unitary operations—are a powerful paradigm for state preparation and quantum error-correction tasks. They can support two types of nonequilibrium quantum phase transitions: measurement-induced transitions between volume- and area-law-entangled steady states and control-induced transitions where the system falls into an absorbing state or, more generally, an orbit visiting several absorbing states. Within this context, nonlocal conditional operations can alter the critical properties of the two transitions and the topology of the phase diagram. Here, we consider the scenario where the measurements are , in order to engineer efficient control onto dynamical trajectories. Motivated by Rydberg-atom arrays, we consider a locally constrained model with global sublattice magnetization measurements and local correction operations to steer the system’s dynamics onto a many-body orbit with finite recurrence time. The model has a well-defined classical limit, which we leverage to aid our analysis of the control transition. As a function of the density of local correction operations, we find control and entanglement transitions with continuously varying critical exponents. For sufficiently high densities of local correction operations, we find that both transitions acquire a dynamical critical exponent z < 1 , reminiscent of criticality in long-range power-law interacting systems. At low correction densities, we find that the criticality reverts to a short-range nature with z ≳ 1 . In the long-range regime, the control and entanglement transitions are indistinguishable to within the resolution of our finite-size numerics, while in the short-range regime we find evidence that the transitions become distinct. We conjecture that the effective long-range criticality mediated by collective measurements is essential in driving the two transitions together.