Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

arXiv:2510.20906 · Journal of Physics Condensed Matter

Electrical-control of third-order nonlinearity via Fano interference

Deniz Eren Mol, İbrahim Asrın Üzgüc, Ulaş Eyüpoğlu, Kübra Atar, Sena Taşkıran, Taner Tarık Aytas, Rasim Volga Ovalı, Ramazan Şahin, Mehmet Emre Taşgın

Published Feb 10, 2026• 1 citation
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Programmable photonic computers necessitate the integration of electrically-tunable compact components into the photonic devices. In the state-of-the-art photonic quantum computers (PQCs), phase-shift and displacement gates can be implemented in an electrically-programmable way. An efficient PQC, however, necessitates also the tuning of third or higher order nonlinearity for implementing continuous-variable gates at a shorter sequence. Here, we demonstrate that such an optical component can be designed using Fano interference and Stark effect in a nonlinear nano-plasmonic system. We study the coupling of a broadband bright plasmon mode to a narrow linewidth quantum object(s), QO(s). We show that by shifting the level-spacing of the QO via Stark effect, one can continuously tune the third-order nonlinearity gate within a picosecond response time. We also present finite-difference time domain simulations that take the retardation effects into account. In addition, we also show that enhancement due to Fano interference degrades if the QOs are positioned randomly as each QO introduces different phases. This reveals the importance of the spatial extent of the QO-ensemble to be employed in the experiments.

DOI
10.1088/1361-648x/ae4439

Related papers

Electrically-programmable frequency comb for compact quantum photonic circuits

Ullah, Shakir, Mehmet Emre Taşgın, Rasim Volga Ovalı +1 more

Recent efforts have demonstrated the first prototypes for compact and programmable photonic quantum computers (PQCs). Utilization of time-bin encoding in loop-like architectures enabled programmable generation of quantum states and execution of different (programmable) logic gates on a single circuit. Actually, there is still space for better compactness and complexity of available quantum states and gate operations: a photonic circuit (PC) can operate at multiple frequencies. Here, we propose an electrically-programmable frequency comb that generates continuously tunable entanglement among different frequencies. The device is not directly integrated into fragile quantum processing components but is to be used as a fast (picoseconds) tunable auxiliary source provided into state-of-the-art measurement-induced loop-based photonic quantum computers employing programmable (50 MHz) beam-splitters (BSs) and phase-shifters. Multimode entanglement generation is controlled via Fano resonance in the nonlinear response. The generated entanglement can be tuned continuously via an applied voltage which can be delivered to the device via nm-thick wires. The proposed device is integrable, CMOS-compatible, and operates below ps but is limited with transistor clock speeds 5-100 GHz.

arXiv:2308.00439•Aug 1, 2023•0 citations

Programmable Quantum Mode Switches via Plasmonic Toroidal Nanoantennae

Arda Gulucu, Emre Ozan Polat

The ability to switch and program the spectral response of quantum modes via deterministically located plasmonic nanoantennae presents opportunities for wide spectrum of applications from biosensors to quantum computing. Due to its topology, toroidal nanoantenna (TNA) focuses immense amount of three-dimensional (3D) local electric field by toroidal moment while allowing pre and post positioning around quantum emitters (QEs). Here, within local-response finite difference time domain (FDTD) simulations, we demonstrate high-contrast spectral switching of the radiative decay channel of a dipolar QE coupled to a TNA by introducing effective Lorentzian quantum objects (QOs). At optimized TNA geometries, Fano interference between the broadband plasmonic continuum and narrow quantum transitions of QOs suppresses both radiative and non-radiative decay channels near 850 nm, yielding an observable full switching that traps energy within the hybrid mode instead of re-emitting it. To show the promises of the concept, we further demonstrate systems with multiple QOs where spectral degeneracy enhances the transparency bandwidth, while detuning generates distinct minima, enabling individually addressable spectral responses. These results establish plasmonic TNAs as promising architectures for spectral detection and individual mode switching of single- or multi-QO configurations and empowers the user for the implementation of photonic processing of continuous photon sources.

physics.opticsCross-listedarXiv:2512.01303•Dec 2, 2025

Stark Control of Plexcitonic States in Incoherent Quantum Systems

Hira Asif, Ramazan Şahin

In this study, we demonstrate the coherent control of plexcitonic modes in (i) off-resonant and (ii) resonant coupled plasmon-emitter systems through the optical Stark effect (OSE). By leveraging the Stark shift in degenerate energy eigenstates of two- or three-level quantum emitters (QEs) embedded in plasmonic nanocavities, we demonstrate tunable photoluminescence, coherent control of plexcitonic states, and Stark-induced transparency. Our findings highlight the potential of Stark tuning to mitigate decoherence and enable on-demand control of spontaneous photon emission in the visible regime. These results pave the way for developing scalable and actively tunable photonic integrated circuits for quantum computing and information processing applications.

Quantum 2.0 Conference and Exhibition•Jan 1, 2025•0 citations

Low-power, ultrafast, and dynamic all-optical tunable plasmonic analog to electromagnetically induced transparency in two resonators side-coupled with a waveguide system

Boyun Wang, Tao Wang, Xiaoming Li +2 more

We theoretically and numerically investigate a low-power, ultrafast, and dynamic all-optical tunable plasmonic analog to electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in two nanodisk resonators side-coupled to a metal-insulator-metal plasmonic waveguide system. The optical Kerr effect is enhanced by the slow light effect of the plasmonic EIT-like effect and the plasmonic waveguide based on graphene-Ag composite material structures with giant effective Kerr nonlinear coefficient. The optical Kerr effect modulation method is applied to improve tuning rate with response time of subpicoseconds or even femtoseconds. With dynamically tuning the propagation phase of the plasmonic waveguide, π-phase shift of the transmission spectrum in the plasmonic EIT-like system is achieved under excitation of a pump light with an intensity as low as 5.85 MW/cm2. The group delay is controlled between 0.09 and 0.4 ps. All observed schemes are analyzed rigorously through finite-difference time-domain simulations and coupled-mode formalism. Results show a new direction toward the low power consumption and ultrafast responses of integration plasmonic photonic devices and all-optical dynamical storage of light devices in optical communication and quantum information processing.

Journal of Applied Physics•Jun 5, 2015•6 citations

Programmable color qubit quantum gates

Ana Aguayo Alvarado, Francisco A. Domínguez-Serna, Ferney Castro-Simanca +2 more

We present a novel proposal for the implementation of temporal-modes quantum gates based on the third-order nonlinear process of difference frequency generation in an integrated photonic circuit, which allows switching from one Pauli gate to another by tuning the phase difference between the two pump pulses (in case of the $\sigma_{x}$ and $\sigma_{y}$ Pauli gates) and between the two states comprising the basis of single temporal-modes qubits (in the case of the $\sigma_{z}$ Pauli gate). We demonstrate that our proposal enables the preparation of any single temporal-mode qubit and rotations on the Bloch sphere by changing externally controllable parameters. We also analyze the effects of fabrication errors on the predicted quantum gate fidelity, finding that even if some waveguide parameter deviates from the design, slight tuning of pump wavelengths can lead to recovering high fidelity values.

Journal of the Optical Society of America B•Dec 23, 2024•2 citations

Enhanced fifth-order nonlinearity with competing linear and nonlinear susceptibility via Fano interference

Chen Li, Jing Wang, Li‐Dan Lin +4 more

Enhanced fifth-order nonlinearity with Fano interference is theoretically studied in asymmetric double quantum wells. The resonant tunneling induces constructive interference for third- and fifth-order nonlinearities. Their competition causes a transparency window at some frequency detuning, where the fifth-order refractive index can be simultaneously enhanced by Fano interference. Simulation results show that fifth-order nonlinearity can be enhanced by about 10 times compared to that without the Fano effect. Also, the influence of different strengths of resonant tunneling coupling and Fano interference on enhanced high-order nonlinearity is discussed.

Journal of the Optical Society of America B•Mar 9, 2021•4 citations
Programmable photonic computers necessitate the integration of electrically-tunable compact components into the photonic devices. In the state-of-the-art photonic quantum computers (PQCs), phase-shift and displacement gates can be implemented in an electrically-programmable way. An efficient PQC, however, necessitates also the tuning of third or higher order nonlinearity for implementing continuous-variable gates at a shorter sequence. Here, we demonstrate that such an optical component can be designed using Fano interference and Stark effect in a nonlinear nano-plasmonic system. We study the coupling of a broadband bright plasmon mode to a narrow linewidth quantum object(s), QO(s). We show that by shifting the level-spacing of the QO via Stark effect, one can continuously tune the third-order nonlinearity gate within a picosecond response time. We also present finite-difference time domain simulations that take the retardation effects into account. In addition, we also show that enhancement due to Fano interference degrades if the QOs are positioned randomly as each QO introduces different phases. This reveals the importance of the spatial extent of the QO-ensemble to be employed in the experiments.
Recent efforts have demonstrated the first prototypes for compact and programmable photonic quantum computers (PQCs). Utilization of time-bin encoding in loop-like architectures enabled programmable generation of quantum states and execution of different (programmable) logic gates on a single circuit. Actually, there is still space for better compactness and complexity of available quantum states and gate operations: a photonic circuit (PC) can operate at multiple frequencies. Here, we propose an electrically-programmable frequency comb that generates continuously tunable entanglement among different frequencies. The device is not directly integrated into fragile quantum processing components but is to be used as a fast (picoseconds) tunable auxiliary source provided into state-of-the-art measurement-induced loop-based photonic quantum computers employing programmable (50 MHz) beam-splitters (BSs) and phase-shifters. Multimode entanglement generation is controlled via Fano resonance in the nonlinear response. The generated entanglement can be tuned continuously via an applied voltage which can be delivered to the device via nm-thick wires. The proposed device is integrable, CMOS-compatible, and operates below ps but is limited with transistor clock speeds 5-100 GHz.
The ability to switch and program the spectral response of quantum modes via deterministically located plasmonic nanoantennae presents opportunities for wide spectrum of applications from biosensors to quantum computing. Due to its topology, toroidal nanoantenna (TNA) focuses immense amount of three-dimensional (3D) local electric field by toroidal moment while allowing pre and post positioning around quantum emitters (QEs). Here, within local-response finite difference time domain (FDTD) simulations, we demonstrate high-contrast spectral switching of the radiative decay channel of a dipolar QE coupled to a TNA by introducing effective Lorentzian quantum objects (QOs). At optimized TNA geometries, Fano interference between the broadband plasmonic continuum and narrow quantum transitions of QOs suppresses both radiative and non-radiative decay channels near 850 nm, yielding an observable full switching that traps energy within the hybrid mode instead of re-emitting it. To show the promises of the concept, we further demonstrate systems with multiple QOs where spectral degeneracy enhances the transparency bandwidth, while detuning generates distinct minima, enabling individually addressable spectral responses. These results establish plasmonic TNAs as promising architectures for spectral detection and individual mode switching of single- or multi-QO configurations and empowers the user for the implementation of photonic processing of continuous photon sources.
In this study, we demonstrate the coherent control of plexcitonic modes in (i) off-resonant and (ii) resonant coupled plasmon-emitter systems through the optical Stark effect (OSE). By leveraging the Stark shift in degenerate energy eigenstates of two- or three-level quantum emitters (QEs) embedded in plasmonic nanocavities, we demonstrate tunable photoluminescence, coherent control of plexcitonic states, and Stark-induced transparency. Our findings highlight the potential of Stark tuning to mitigate decoherence and enable on-demand control of spontaneous photon emission in the visible regime. These results pave the way for developing scalable and actively tunable photonic integrated circuits for quantum computing and information processing applications.
We theoretically and numerically investigate a low-power, ultrafast, and dynamic all-optical tunable plasmonic analog to electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in two nanodisk resonators side-coupled to a metal-insulator-metal plasmonic waveguide system. The optical Kerr effect is enhanced by the slow light effect of the plasmonic EIT-like effect and the plasmonic waveguide based on graphene-Ag composite material structures with giant effective Kerr nonlinear coefficient. The optical Kerr effect modulation method is applied to improve tuning rate with response time of subpicoseconds or even femtoseconds. With dynamically tuning the propagation phase of the plasmonic waveguide, π-phase shift of the transmission spectrum in the plasmonic EIT-like system is achieved under excitation of a pump light with an intensity as low as 5.85 MW/cm2. The group delay is controlled between 0.09 and 0.4 ps. All observed schemes are analyzed rigorously through finite-difference time-domain simulations and coupled-mode formalism. Results show a new direction toward the low power consumption and ultrafast responses of integration plasmonic photonic devices and all-optical dynamical storage of light devices in optical communication and quantum information processing.
We present a novel proposal for the implementation of temporal-modes quantum gates based on the third-order nonlinear process of difference frequency generation in an integrated photonic circuit, which allows switching from one Pauli gate to another by tuning the phase difference between the two pump pulses (in case of the σx\sigma_{x}σx​ and σy\sigma_{y}σy​ Pauli gates) and between the two states comprising the basis of single temporal-modes qubits (in the case of the σz\sigma_{z}σz​ Pauli gate). We demonstrate that our proposal enables the preparation of any single temporal-mode qubit and rotations on the Bloch sphere by changing externally controllable parameters. We also analyze the effects of fabrication errors on the predicted quantum gate fidelity, finding that even if some waveguide parameter deviates from the design, slight tuning of pump wavelengths can lead to recovering high fidelity values.
Enhanced fifth-order nonlinearity with Fano interference is theoretically studied in asymmetric double quantum wells. The resonant tunneling induces constructive interference for third- and fifth-order nonlinearities. Their competition causes a transparency window at some frequency detuning, where the fifth-order refractive index can be simultaneously enhanced by Fano interference. Simulation results show that fifth-order nonlinearity can be enhanced by about 10 times compared to that without the Fano effect. Also, the influence of different strengths of resonant tunneling coupling and Fano interference on enhanced high-order nonlinearity is discussed.