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arXiv:2510.04534 · Optica

Integrated photonic platform with high-speed entanglement generation and witnessing

Gong Zhang, Chao Wang, Koon Tong Goh, Si Qi Ng, Raymond Ho, Henry Semenenko, Srinivasan Ashwyn Srinivasan, Haibo Wang, Yue Chen, Jing Yan Haw, Xiao Gong, Joris Van Campenhout, Charles Lim

Published Sep 19, 2025• 3 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

High-speed generation and efficient entanglement detection on a photonic chip are essential for quantum information applications but hard to achieve due to common photonic chips’ material properties and limited component performance. In this work, we experimentally demonstrate an entanglement witness on a silicon photonic chip, with multi-rail single-photon entanglement generation based on decoy-state techniques. The detection is based on balanced homodyne detectors on the same photonic chip with a bandwidth of up to 12.5 GHz, which allows room-temperature operation. A loss-equivalent analysis method compensates for optical losses and system noises. Experimental results quantify an entangled state fidelity of 92% in quantum state tomography and a Clauser–Horne–Shimony–Holt violation lower bound of 2.59. These results establish a viable path toward fully integrated, high-bandwidth, room-temperature quantum photonic systems, with potential applications in on-chip quantum optics and quantum random number generation.

DOI
10.1364/optica.557199

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High-speed generation and efficient entanglement detection on a photonic chip are essential for quantum information applications but hard to achieve due to common photonic chips’ material properties and limited component performance. In this work, we experimentally demonstrate an entanglement witness on a silicon photonic chip, with multi-rail single-photon entanglement generation based on decoy-state techniques. The detection is based on balanced homodyne detectors on the same photonic chip with a bandwidth of up to 12.5 GHz, which allows room-temperature operation. A loss-equivalent analysis method compensates for optical losses and system noises. Experimental results quantify an entangled state fidelity of 92% in quantum state tomography and a Clauser–Horne–Shimony–Holt violation lower bound of 2.59. These results establish a viable path toward fully integrated, high-bandwidth, room-temperature quantum photonic systems, with potential applications in on-chip quantum optics and quantum random number generation.
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Optical homodyne detection has found use as a characterisation tool in a range of quantum technologies. So far implementations have been limited to bulk optics. Here we present the optical integration of a homodyne detector onto a silicon photonics chip. The resulting device operates at high speed, up 150 MHz, it is compact and it operates with low noise, quantified with 11 dB clearance between shot noise and electronic noise. We perform on-chip quantum tomography of coherent states with the detector and show that it meets the requirements for characterising more general quantum states of light. We also show that the detector is able to produce quantum random numbers at a rate of 1.2 Gbps, by measuring the vacuum state of the electromagnetic field and applying off-line post processing. The produced random numbers pass all the statistical tests provided by the NIST test suite.
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Quantum photonic resources are critical for advanced applications such as quantum computation, communication, and information processing. Efficient generation and detection of quantum states, as well as reliable photon manipulation techniques, are essential for the development of practical quantum technologies. Integrated photonic platforms offer attractive solutions due to their stability, small device footprint, and improved power efficiencies. However, optical loss and environmental noise hinder their capability to transmit, measure, and detect quantum states with high accuracies. To tackle these limitations, we have developed robust solutions for quantum signal processing by leveraging infrastructures from telecommunications and integrated photonics. These approaches focus on the use of silicon-based photonic sources for entanglement generation in the time and frequency degrees of freedom, as well as chip- and fiber-based architectures for entanglement verification via quantum interference and tomography measurements. Our photonic schemes allow for high-dimensional entanglement processing, demonstrating their versatility in developing scalable and cost-efficient quantum signal processing platforms.