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arXiv:2510.02710

Complementarity Reveals Entanglement Sharing in Sequential Quantum Measurements

Zinuo Cai, Changliang Ren

Published Oct 3, 2025• 0 citations
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Abstract

We investigate entanglement sharing in a two-qubit sequential measurement scenario using three complementary classical correlation metrics: mutual information (I), sum of conditional probabilities (S), and the Pearson correlation coefficient (C). By investigating both weak measurement and probabilistic projective measurement (PPM) strategies in unilateral and bilateral scenarios, the phenomenon of entanglement sharing is conclusively certified when multiple pairs of classical correlation metrics simultaneously exceed their thresholds. Our investigation reveals that weak measurement strategies are more favorable than PPM for exhibiting entanglement sharing, regardless of the scenario. Furthermore, the mutual information criterion fails to characterize entanglement sharing in the bilateral scenario. While, the Pearson correlation criterion (C) is proven to be the most robust across all strategies and scenarios. These findings unveil a critical trade-off between measurement disturbance and complementary correlation recovery, which is essential for quantum resource reuse problems.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.2510.02710

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We investigate entanglement sharing in a two-qubit sequential measurement scenario using three complementary classical correlation metrics: mutual information (I), sum of conditional probabilities (S), and the Pearson correlation coefficient (C). By investigating both weak measurement and probabilistic projective measurement (PPM) strategies in unilateral and bilateral scenarios, the phenomenon of entanglement sharing is conclusively certified when multiple pairs of classical correlation metrics simultaneously exceed their thresholds. Our investigation reveals that weak measurement strategies are more favorable than PPM for exhibiting entanglement sharing, regardless of the scenario. Furthermore, the mutual information criterion fails to characterize entanglement sharing in the bilateral scenario. While, the Pearson correlation criterion (C) is proven to be the most robust across all strategies and scenarios. These findings unveil a critical trade-off between measurement disturbance and complementary correlation recovery, which is essential for quantum resource reuse problems.
Quantum entanglement is one of the essential resources in quantum information processing. It is of importance to verify whether a quantum state is entangled. At present, a typical quantum certification focused on the classical correlations has attracted widespread attention. Here, we experimentally investigate the relation between quantum entanglement and the classical complementary correlations based on the mutual information, Pearson correlation coefficient and mutual predictability of two-qubit states. Our experimental results show the classical correlations for complementary properties have strong resolution capability to verify entanglement for two qubit pure states and Werner states. We find that the resolution capability has great performance improvement when the eigenstates of the measurement observables constitute a complete set of mutually unbiased bases. For Werner states in particular, the classical complementary correlations based on the Pearson correlation coefficient and mutual predictability can provide the ultimate bounds to certify entanglement.
Abstract While previous studies on sequential quantum sharing rely on either sharp measurements for ‘non-local’ entangled states or weak measurements for ‘local’ entangled states, we bridge this gap by investigating ‘local’ entangled states under a robust projective measurement framework. We demonstrate that probabilistic projective measurements with fixed probability can enable entanglement sharing for certain ‘local’ entangled states. Furthermore, we show that by probabilistic combination of certain different projective measurement strategies, the entanglement sharing can be expanded even under strict probability constraints. Subsequently, we prove that under projective measurements with deterministic probabilities, the maximum number of observers capable of sharing entanglement for ‘local’ entangled states is explicitly derived in terms of the entanglement of the initial state. Finally, the relationship among the sharing capacity, the initial state’s entanglement and the measurement strength of projective measurements is analytically presented.
We provide an interpretation of entanglement based on classical correlations between measurement outcomes of complementary properties: States that have correlations beyond a certain threshold are entangled. The reverse is not true, however. We also show that, surprisingly, all separable nonclassical states exhibit smaller correlations for complementary observables than some strictly classical states. We use mutual information as a measure of classical correlations, but we conjecture that the first result holds also for other measures (e.g., the Pearson correlation coefficient or the sum of conditional probabilities).
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Quantum correlation is a key resource for a variety of quantum information processing and communication tasks, the efficient utilization of which has been a longstanding concern, and it is also one of the main challenges in the application of quantum technology. In this review, we focus on the interaction between quantum measurements and quantum correlations by designing appropriate measurement strategies, specifically exploring the trade-off between information gain and disturbance degree in weak measurements to ensure that quantum correlations from the same source can be shared among multiple independent observers. We introduce the basic knowledge and classification of quantum measurements, investigate the weak measurement scenario, and show the theoretical model construction of quantum correlation recycling in the original works. We summarize the theoretical and experimental development process and the latest progress in this field. Finally, we provide an outlook for more quantum resource applications that can profit from the optimization of quantum measurement strategies.
Entanglement and state distinguishability have long been central topics in quantum foundations. While each has developed into a rich subject in its own right, they can be connected through measurements in complementary bases. This connection provides insights into quantum and classical correlations and underlies many information-processing tasks, most notably quantum error correction (QEC). However, it has remained largely open whether the connection between entanglement and distinguishability extends to general measurements without assuming complementarity. We answer this question in the affirmative: the key is irreducibility induced by measurements, a much more relaxed condition than complementarity. Specifically, for POVMs satisfying an irreducibility condition, we establish a quantitative relation between the infidelity of one-sided local transformation into a maximally entangled state and the failure probability in state discrimination. We then characterize when both errors can vanish simultaneously. Our results have direct applications to entanglement distillation and QEC. Their errors can be certified by estimating classical input-output correlations from experimentally accessible local measurements, without requiring complementarity. The results also extend to quantum measurement theory. We derive novel trade-off relations that bridge two historically distinct approaches: information gain--irreversibility and observable noise--disturbance. Our connection between entanglement and distinguishability via irreducibility thus offers a common framework for entanglement distillation, QEC, and measurement trade-offs.