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arXiv:2509.12832

The Quantum Control Hierarchy: When Physics-Informed Design Meets Machine Learning

Atta Ur Rahman, Mahmoud Youssef Abd‐Rabbou, Cong‐Feng Qiao

Published Sep 16, 2025• 0 citations
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Abstract

We address a wide spectrum of quantum control strategies, including various open-loop protocols and advanced adaptive methods. These methodologies apply to few-qubit scenarios and naturally scale to larger N-qubit systems. We benchmark them across fundamental quantum tasks: entanglement preservation/generation, and directed quantum transport in a disordered quantum walk. All simulations are performed in a challenging environment featuring non-Markov colored noise, imperfections, and the Markov Lindblad equation. With a complex task-dependent performance hierarchy, our deterministic protocols proved highly effective for entanglement generation/preservation, and in specific pulse configurations, they even outperformed the RL-optimization. In contrast, more advanced methods demonstrate a marked specialization. For entanglement preservation, a physics-informed hybrid Quantum Error Correction and Dynamical Decoupling (QEC-DD) protocol provides the most stable and effective solution, outperforming all other approaches. Conversely, for dynamic tasks requiring the discovery of non-trivial control sequences, such as DD, Floquet engineering, and rapid entanglement generation or coherent transport, the model-free Reinforcement Learning (RL) agents consistently find superior solutions. We further demonstrate that the control pulse envelope is a non-trivial factor that actively shapes the control landscape, which determines the difficulty for all protocols and highlights the adaptability of the RL agent. We conclude that no single strategy is universally dominant. A clear picture emerges: the future of high-fidelity quantum control lies in a synthesis of physics-informed design, as exemplified by robust hybrid methods, and the specialized, high-performance optimization power of adaptive machine learning.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.2509.12832

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Noisy intermediate-scale quantum computers hold the promise of tackling complex and otherwise intractable computational challenges through the massive parallelism offered by qubits. Central to realizing the potential of quantum computing are perfect entangling (PE) two-qubit gates, which serve as a critical building block for universal quantum computation. In the context of quantum optimal control, shaping electromagnetic pulses to drive quantum gates is crucial for pushing gate performance toward theoretical limits. In this work, we leverage reinforcement learning (RL) techniques to discover near-optimal pulse shapes that yield PE gates. A collection of RL agents is trained within robust simulation environments, enabling the identification of effective control strategies even under noisy conditions. Selected agents are then validated on higher-fidelity simulations, illustrating how RL-based methods can reduce calibration overhead when compared to quantum optimal control techniques. Furthermore, the RL approach is hardware agnostic with the potential for broad applicability across various quantum computing platforms.