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arXiv:2509.03089

Wave-particle duality and entanglement in neutrino oscillation

Banerjee, Rajrupa, Swain, Pratidhwani, Prasanta Kumar Panigrahi, Sudhanwa Patra

Published Sep 3, 2025• 0 citations
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Abstract

We investigate wave--particle--entanglement complementarity in three-flavor neutrino oscillations within a quantum information--theoretic framework. Treating neutrino flavor evolution as an open quantum system and explicitly accounting for detector--propagation correlations, we extend the conventional wave--particle duality relation to a triality relation involving predictability, visibility, and entanglement. Using reduced density matrices and I-concurrence as a quantitative measure of entanglement, we demonstrate that the total information content of the system satisfies the relation $\mathcal{P}^2 + \mathcal{V}^2 + \mathcal{E}^2 = 1$. While predictability and visibility exhibit the expected complementary behavior, we show that entanglement encodes additional wave-like information that is not captured by visibility alone. We apply our formalism to realistic long-baseline neutrino experiments, namely \textsf{DUNE} and \textsf{T2K}, and find that at the first oscillation maximum, a simultaneous characterization of the particle-like and wave-like nature of neutrinos becomes possible through the combined measurement of predictability and entanglement. Our results provide a unified operational interpretation of neutrino oscillations and highlight the role of quantum correlations in extending wave--particle duality to multipartite systems.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.2509.03089

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We investigate wave--particle--entanglement complementarity in three-flavor neutrino oscillations within a quantum information--theoretic framework. Treating neutrino flavor evolution as an open quantum system and explicitly accounting for detector--propagation correlations, we extend the conventional wave--particle duality relation to a triality relation involving predictability, visibility, and entanglement. Using reduced density matrices and I-concurrence as a quantitative measure of entanglement, we demonstrate that the total information content of the system satisfies the relation P2+V2+E2=1\mathcal{P}^2 + \mathcal{V}^2 + \mathcal{E}^2 = 1P2+V2+E2=1. While predictability and visibility exhibit the expected complementary behavior, we show that entanglement encodes additional wave-like information that is not captured by visibility alone. We apply our formalism to realistic long-baseline neutrino experiments, namely \textsf{DUNE} and \textsf{T2K}, and find that at the first oscillation maximum, a simultaneous characterization of the particle-like and wave-like nature of neutrinos becomes possible through the combined measurement of predictability and entanglement. Our results provide a unified operational interpretation of neutrino oscillations and highlight the role of quantum correlations in extending wave--particle duality to multipartite systems.
We investigate wave–particle–entanglement complementarity in three-flavor neutrino oscillations within a quantum information–theoretic framework. By considering three-flavor oscillation along with the possible entanglement between the detector and the propagation states, we extend beyond the usual wave-particle duality and arrive at a more complete triality description involving predictability, visibility, and entanglement. Using reduced density matrices and considering I-concurrence as an entanglement measure, we show that the total information carried by the system is conserved and naturally organized through the relation P 2 + V 2 + E 2 = 1 . While predictability and visibility exhibit the expected complementary behavior, we show that entanglement encodes additional wave-like information that is not captured by visibility alone. We apply our formalism to realistic long-baseline neutrino experiments, namely DUNE and T2K , and find that at the first oscillation maximum, a simultaneous characterization of the particle-like and wave-like nature of neutrinos becomes possible through the combined measurement of predictability and entanglement. Our results provide a unified operational interpretation of neutrino oscillations and highlight the role of quantum correlations in extending wave–particle duality to multipartite systems.
The flavor oscillations in the neutrino system are known to be related to the multimode entanglement of a single particle state. Neutrino oscillations are shown to encompass not only quantum superposition among different mass eigenstates but also a single-particle multimode entanglement in the flavor basis as they propagate. In the framework of three flavor neutrino oscillations, we demonstrate that the measures of entanglement can be expressed in terms of experimentally accessible appearance and disappearance probabilities. We explicitly show here that the genuine tripartite entanglement measure, i.e., the tangle, vanishes identically for all flavors, signifying that a three flavor neutrino system forms a W-type entangled state. Further, we investigate alternative measures of tripartite entanglement like the partial tangle and the concurrence fill, which capture the total sharing of entanglement beyond pairwise correlations. In terms of bipartite and bipartitioned entanglement measures, we derive the symmetric invariant and the concurrence fill, which quantify the distributed entanglement and are completely expressible in terms of flavor transition probabilities. These entanglement measures display distinct energy dependent patterns across the oscillation window, which can be experimentally accessible in the long baseline experiments like DUNE, providing an alternative quantum information perspective on flavor evolution. We use General Long Baseline Experiment Simulator simulations within the DUNE setup to investigate these tripartite entanglement measures in terms of neutrino energy and the length of the baseline. It is observed that, at the point of maximal mixing, these measures show near maximal entanglement between the muon and the tau flavor modes, establishing entanglement monogamy. Within the DUNE setup, the wide band of energy and expected higher sensitivity to C P violation at the second oscillation maximum provide a unique advantage to explore the quantum correlation effects across a broader energy window. Thus, the flavor coherence and C P -phase dependent interference can influence the quantum entanglement measures among neutrino flavor modes, and thereby, such potential new physics effects can be probed in current or future planned neutrino experiments.
The wave packet approach to neutrino oscillations provides an enlightening description of quantum decoherence induced, during propagation, by localization effects. Within this approach, we show that a deeper insight into the dynamical aspects of particle mixing can be obtained if one investigates the behavior of quantum correlations associated to flavor oscillations. By identifying the neutrino three-flavor modes with (suitably defined) three-qubit modes, the exploitation of tools of quantum information theory for mixed states allows a detailed analysis of the dynamical behavior of flavor entanglement during free propagation. This provides further elements leading to a more complete understanding of the phenomenon of neutrino oscillations, and a basis for possible applicative implementations. The analysis is carried out by studying the distribution of the flavor entanglement; to this aim, we perform combined investigations of the behaviors of the two-flavor concurrence and of the logarithmic negativities associated with specific bipartitions of the three flavors.
We present a quantum-information-theoretic study of three-flavor neutrino oscillations in long-baseline experiments by mapping flavor states to qubit-like representations and quantifying quantum correlations through total concurrence. The local minima of this entanglement measure identify energy regions where the flavor state is closest to separability, enabling cleaner extraction of oscillation parameters. We explain how these local minima offer opportunities for precision measurements and provide insight into the accurate determination of neutrino oscillation parameters. We then propose a strategy to improve parameter extraction by aligning the benchmark oscillation regions of NOνννA and T2K with the minimum entanglement achievable in each experiment. This shifts the concurrence minima toward higher-event-count energy regions, leading to tighter constraints and reducing the tension arising from their different energy regimes. For normal ordering, we obtain (0.581−0.0150+0.0136,195−32+38 ∘)(0.581^{+0.0136}_{-0.0150},195^{+38}_{-32}\,^\circ)(0.581−0.0150+0.0136​,195−32+38​∘) in the (sin⁡2θ23,δCP)(\sin^2θ_{23},δ_{\rm CP})(sin2θ23​,δCP​) plane and (0.580−0.0153+0.0140,2.515−0.0344+0.0344×10−3 eV2)(0.580^{+0.0140}_{-0.0153},2.515^{+0.0344}_{-0.0344}\times10^{-3}\,\mathrm{eV}^2)(0.580−0.0153+0.0140​,2.515−0.0344+0.0344​×10−3eV2) in the (sin⁡2θ23,Δm312)(\sin^2θ_{23},Δm^2_{31})(sin2θ23​,Δm312​) plane, yielding improved joint constraints. Using GLoBES simulations together with real data, we assess how local minima of quantum correlations influence leptonic CP-violation sensitivity, θ23θ_{23}θ23​ octant-degeneracy resolution, and mass-ordering determination. Our results show that minimizing entanglement can significantly affect these key sensitivities, highlighting quantum information measures as complementary probes of neutrino flavor oscillations and offering new insight into the role of quantum correlations in precision neutrino physics.
We investigate neutrino flavor oscillations in the wave packet formalism, extending the standard planewave treatment to incorporate the finite spatial coherence of neutrino mass eigenstates.We derive the full three flavor oscillation probability with MSW matter effects, decoherence, and localization suppression governed by the wave packet width, benchmarking against MINOS disappearance data and extending to DUNE predictions under the same parameters. To quantify how sharply the oscillation data constrain the wave packet width, we compute the classical Fisher information FC as a function of neutrino energy for both MINOS and DUNE, and show that its sensitivity is concentrated precisely in the low-energy regime where the wave-packet and plane-wave predictions diverge. Beyond the oscillation probability analysis, we compute wave particle entanglement complementarity quantities within a quantum information theoretic framework and explore the complete triality description involving entanglement, predictability, and visibility as functions of neutrino energy for both experiments such as MINOS and DUNE. We show that even when the oscillation probability is numerically indistinguishable from the planewave result, the wave packet structure leaves observable imprints in these triality measures. Our results demonstrate that the wave packet approach provides a theoretically consistent and experimentally motivated framework for probing quantum foundations in long-baseline atmospheric neutrino oscillation experiments.
Flavor oscillations in elementary particle physics are related to multimode entanglement of single-particle states. We show that mode entanglement can be expressed in terms of flavor transition probabilities, and therefore that single-particle entangled states acquire a precise operational characterization in the context of particle mixing. We treat in detail the physically relevant cases of two- and three-flavor neutrino oscillations, including the effective measure of CP violation. We discuss experimental schemes for the transfer of the quantum information encoded in single-neutrino states to spatially delocalized two-flavor charged-lepton states, thus showing, at least in principle, that single-particle entangled states of neutrino mixing are legitimate physical resources for quantum information tasks.