This paper introduces a novel research direction for model-to-text/code transformations by leveraging Large Language Models (LLMs) that can be enhanced with Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) pipelines. The focus is on quantum and hybrid quantum-classical software systems, where model-driven approaches can help reduce the costs and mitigate the risks associated with the heterogeneous platform landscape and lack of developers' skills. We validate one of the proposed ideas regarding generating code out of UML model instances of software systems. This Python code uses a well-established library, called Qiskit, to execute on gate-based or circuit-based quantum computers. The RAG pipeline that we deploy incorporates sample Qiskit code from public GitHub repositories. Experimental results show that well-engineered prompts can improve CodeBLEU scores by up to a factor of four, yielding more accurate and consistent quantum code. However, the proposed research direction can go beyond this through further investigation in the future by conducting experiments to address our other research questions and ideas proposed here, such as deploying software system model instances as the source of information in the RAG pipelines, or deploying LLMs for code-to-code transformations, for instance, for transpilation use cases.
This paper introduces a novel research direction for model-to-text/code transformations by leveraging Large Language Models (LLMs) that can be enhanced with Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) pipelines. The focus is on quantum and hybrid quantum-classical software systems, where model-driven approaches can help reduce the costs and mitigate the risks associated with the heterogeneous platform landscape and lack of developers' skills. We validate one of the proposed ideas regarding generating code out of UML model instances of software systems. This Python code uses a well-established library, called Qiskit, to execute on gate-based or circuit-based quantum computers. The RAG pipeline that we deploy incorporates sample Qiskit code from public GitHub repositories. Experimental results show that well-engineered prompts can improve CodeBLEU scores by up to a factor of four, yielding more accurate and consistent quantum code. However, the proposed research direction can go beyond this through further investigation in the future by conducting experiments to address our other research questions and ideas proposed here, such as deploying software system model instances as the source of information in the RAG pipelines, or deploying LLMs for code-to-code transformations, for instance, for transpilation use cases.
Generating correct and executable quantum circuit code remains a significant barrier for both newcomers and experienced practitioners in quantum computing. While Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown promise in classical code generation, their application to quantum programming is hampered by limited domain-specific training data and the rapidly evolving nature of quantum software frameworks. In this work, we present Quantum-RAG, an extended Retrieval-Augmented Generation framework that couples a domain-specialized language model with a curated, multi-source knowledge corpus to produce Qiskit-based quantum circuit code. Our three-stage pipeline ingests documentation, educational notebooks, and research literature into a dense retrieval index and augments the generation model with the most relevant context at inference time. Evaluated on the Qiskit HumanEval benchmark, QuantumRAG achieves a Pass@1 of 0.4132, a Pass@3 of 0.6291, and a Pass@5 of 0.7020, surpassing the domain-adapted GraniteQiskit baseline by 101%, 72%, and 47 % at each respective threshold. These results demonstrate that retrieval-augmented approaches can substantially improve quantum code generation without expensive model retraining.
Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have enabled the automation of an increasing number of programming tasks, including code generation for scientific and engineering domains. In rapidly evolving software ecosystems such as quantum software development, where frameworks expose complex abstractions, a central question is how best to incorporate domain knowledge into LLM-based assistants while preserving maintainability as libraries evolve.
In this work, we study specialization strategies for Qiskit code generation using the Qiskit-HumanEval benchmark. We compare a parameter-specialized fine-tuned baseline introduced in prior work against a range of recent general-purpose LLMs enhanced with retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) and agent-based inference with execution feedback.
Our results show that modern general-purpose LLMs consistently outperform the parameter-specialized baseline. While the fine-tuned model achieves approximately 47% pass@1 on Qiskit-HumanEval, recent general-purpose models reach 60-65% under zero-shot and retrieval-augmented settings, and up to 85% for the strongest evaluated model when combined with iterative execution-feedback agents -representing an improvement of more than 20% over zero-shot general-purpose performance and more than 35% over the parameter-specialized baseline.
Agentic execution feedback yields the most consistent improvements, albeit at increased runtime cost, while RAG provides modest and model-dependent gains. These findings indicate that performance gains can be achieved without domain-specific fine-tuning, instead relying on inference-time augmentation, thereby enabling a more flexible and maintainable approach to LLM-assisted quantum software development.
Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed as quantum coding copilots, assisting researchers by generating complex programs for frameworks such as Qiskit, PennyLane, and OpenQASM. However, accurately evaluating the practical utility of these models remains a significant challenge. Existing benchmarks are highly fragmented, ranging from syntax-centric unit tests to simulator- and hardware-aware metrics, making results difficult to compare across different languages and hardware targets. To address this fragmentation, this paper systematically reviews recent evaluation suites and post-training methodologies for quantum code generation. We distill current evaluation criteria into four practical dimensions: syntax and API validity, semantic and physical correctness, resource and hardware feasibility, and execution-based feedback. Building upon these dimensions, we present a unified taxonomy that maps current benchmarks to emerging model adaptation techniques, specifically retrieval-augmented generation (RAG), fine-tuning, multi-agent workflows, and reinforcement learning (RL). Our analysis highlights a clear shift: moving away from prompt-only baselines and toward agentic workflows driven by quantum-verifiable rewards. This shift directly targets the semantic gap between superficially compilable code and physically executable quantum programs. In addition, we identify key research opportunities-such as standardized semantic metrics and integration with quantum error correction-aimed at fostering a more reproducible, verifiable, and hardware-grounded ecosystem for automated quantum software development.
Abstract Quantum computing is gaining an increasing interest since it can solve certain problems exponentially faster than classical computing. Thus, many organizations are researching and launching investments for integrating quantum software into their existing systems. Software modernization (as based on Model-Driven Engineering) has been proposed to migrate from/to the so-called hybrid software systems, which integrate classical and quantum software. In that process, both, reverse engineering and restructuring phases, have already been investigated. However, forward engineering phase for generating hybrid source code from high-level design models has not yet been addressed. Thus, this research proposes a quantum code generation technique from extended UML design models. It consists of a set of Model-to-Text transformations (defined through Epsilon Generation Language) to generate both Python and Qiskit code, which, respectively, integrate classical and quantum code. The transformation has been validated through a multi-case study with 7 hybrid software systems modeled in UML, which demonstrated that the transformation is effective and efficient. The implication of this work is that the software modernization process for hybrid software systems can be completed by tackling forward engineering phase, and that Model-Driven Engineering can therefore globally facilitate industry adoption of quantum software.
The rapid evolution of Quantum Development Kits (QDKs) introduces a specific form of technical debt that compromises code maintainability and hinders software reuse. In the specialized domain of Quantum Software Engineering (QSE), this challenge is intensified by the scarcity of high-quality training data and the high volatility of emerging frameworks, which often lead general-purpose Large Language Models (LLMs) to produce unreliable or hallucinated results. This paper proposes a hybrid approach integrating LLMs with Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) to automate the migration of Qiskit code across versions. The proposed methodology enhances the precision and reliability of migration suggestions by leveraging an automatically generated taxonomy of migration scenarios as the structured, version-specific knowledge source to guide the models. The approach is implemented through an automated, extensible workflow evaluating LLMs (Google Gemini Flash-2.5 and OpenAI Gpt-oss-20b) under different retrieval schemes (unconstrained and restrictive). Results demonstrate that the taxonomy-based RAG architecture, particularly under the restrictive scheme, significantly reduces hallucinations and improves descriptive quality, with Google Gemini Flash-2.5 showing superior performance in detecting complex refactoring scenarios. These findings confirm the potential of this data-centric methodology to foster technological independence and provide robust, intelligent assistants that mitigate API obsolescence, ensuring the long-term availability of quantum algorithms within a rapidly shifting ecosystem and flattening the learning curve within Quantum Software Engineering (QSE).
Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong potential in code generation, yet their effectiveness in quantum computing remains underexplored. This paper benchmarks LLMs for PennyLane-based quantum code generation using real-world challenges from the Quantum Hackathon (QHack). We introduce QHackBench, a novel benchmark dataset derived from QHack competitions, and evaluate model performance under vanilla prompting and Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG). Our structured evaluation framework assesses functional correctness, syntactic validity, and execution success across varying challenge difficulties. Results indicate that RAG-enhanced models, supplemented with an augmented PennyLane dataset, approximately generate similar results as the standard prompting, particularly in complex quantum algorithms. Additionally, we introduce a multi-agent evaluation pipeline that iteratively refines incorrect solutions, further enhancing execution success rates. To foster further research, we commit to publicly releasing QHackBench, along with our evaluation framework and experimental results, enabling continued advancements in AI-assisted quantum programming.