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arXiv:2508.18801 · Physical Review Research

Weighted Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov method for interacting fermions: An application to ultracold Fermi superfluids

Nikolai Kaschewski, Axel Pelster, Carlos A. R. Sá de Melo

Published Jul 14, 2025• 0 citations

Abstract

For several decades it has been known that divergences arise in the ground-state energy and chemical potential of unitary superfluids, where the scattering length diverges, due to particle-hole scattering. Leading textbooks and research articles recognize that there are serious issues but ignore them due to the lack of an approach that can regularize these divergences. We find a solution to this difficulty by proposing a general method, called the weighted Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov theory, to handle multiple decomposition channels originating from the same interaction. We distribute the interaction in weighted channels determined by minimization of the action, and we apply this idea to unpolarized Fermi superfluids. Using our method, we solve a long-standing difficulty in the partitioning of the interaction into Hartree, Fock, and Bogoliubov channels for Fermi superfluids, and we obtain a phase diagram at the saddle-point level, which contains multichannel nonperturbative corrections. In particular, we find a previously overlooked superfluid phase for weak interactions, which is dominated by particle-hole processes, in addition to the usual superfluid phase only containing particle-particle physics.

DOI: 10.1103/ffz8-v1n8

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We study the ground state properties of interacting Fermi gases in the dilute regime, in three dimensions. We compute the ground state energy of the system, for positive interaction potentials. We recover a well-known expression for the ground state energy at second order in the particle density, which depends on the interaction potential only via its scattering length. The first proof of this result has been given by Lieb, Seiringer and Solovej (Phys Rev A 71:053605, 2005). In this paper, we give a new derivation of this formula, using a different method; it is inspired by Bogoliubov theory, and it makes use of the almost-bosonic nature of the low-energy excitations of the systems. With respect to previous work, our result applies to a more regular class of interaction potentials, but it comes with improved error estimates on the ground state energy asymptotics in the density.

A two-component Fermi gas with attractive

s

-wave interactions forms a superfluid at low temperatures. When this gas is confined in a rotating trap, fermions can unpair at the edges of the gas and vortices can arise beyond certain critical rotation frequencies. We compute these critical rotation frequencies and construct the phase diagram in the plane of scattering length and rotation frequency for different total numbers of particles. We work at zero temperature and consider a cylindrically symmetric harmonic trapping potential. The calculations are performed in the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov approximation which implies that our results are quantitatively reliable for weak interactions.

We apply the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov theory to a system of uniform dipolar fermionic polar molecules, which recently has attracted much attention due to rapid experimental progress in achieving such systems. By calculating the anisotropic superfluid-order parameter and the critical temperature

{T}_{c}

, we show that high-

{T}_{c}

superfluid can be achieved with a quite modest value of interaction strength for polar molecules. In addition, we also show that the presence of the Fock-exchange interaction enhances superfluid pairing.

Using the $\ensuremath{\hbar}$ expansion of the Green's function of the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov equation, we extend the second-order Thomas-Fermi approximation to generalized superfluid Fermi systems by including the density-dependent effective mass and the spin-orbit potential. We first implement and examine the full correction terms over different energy intervals of the quasiparticle spectra in calculations of finite nuclei. Final applications of this generalized Thomas-Fermi method are intended for various inhomogeneous superfluid Fermi systems.

Abstract The so-called phaseless quantum Monte-Carlo method currently offers one of the best performing theoretical framework to investigate interacting Fermi systems. It allows to extract an approximate ground-state wavefunction by averaging independent-particle states undergoing a Brownian motion in imaginary-time. Here, we extend the approach to a random walk in the space of Hartree–Fock–Bogoliubov (HFB) vacua that are better suited for superconducting or superfluid systems. Well-controlled statistical errors are ensured by constraining stochastic paths with the help of a trial wavefunction. It also guides the dynamics and takes the form of a linear combination of HFB ansätze. Estimates for the observables are reconstructed through an extension of Wick’s theorem to matrix elements between HFB product states. The usual combinatory complexity associated to the application of this theorem for four- and more- body operators is bypassed with a compact expression in terms of Pfaffians. The limiting case of a stochastic motion within Slater determinants but guided with HFB trial wavefunctions is also considered. Finally, exploratory results for the spin-polarized Hubbard model in the attractive regime are presented.