Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

arXiv:2508.13896 · IEEE International Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering (QCE)

Accurate and Scalable Simulation of Cavity-Based Networks in Modular Quantum Architectures

Sahar Ben Rached, Zezhou Sun, Guilu Long, Santiago Rodrigo, Carmen G. Almudéver, Eduard Alarcón, Sergi Abadal

Published Aug 30, 2025• 0 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Cavity-mediated interconnects are a promising platform for scaling modular quantum computers by enabling highfidelity inter-chip quantum state transmission and entanglement generation. In this work, we first model the dynamics of deterministic inter-chip quantum state transfer using the Stimulated Raman Adiabatic Passage (STIRAP) protocol, analyzing fidelity loss mechanisms under experimentally achievable qubitcavity coupling and decoherence parameters. We then extend the NetSquid simulator, typically used for simulating longrange quantum communication networks, to support cavity-based communication channels for mediating inter-chip state transfer and entanglement generation. We model cavities as amplitude damping channels parameterized by physical system characteristics; cavity decay rate$\kappa$and qubit-cavity coupling strength$g$, and analyze the impact of intrinsic qubit decoherence factors dictated by$T_{1}$and$T_{2}$times. Our simulations accurately represent the system's dynamics in both strong and weak coupling regimes, and identify critical trade-offs between fidelity, latency, and noise factors. The proposed framework supports faithful modeling and scalable simulation of modular architectures, and provides insights into design optimization for practical quantum network implementations.

DOI
10.1109/qce65121.2025.00143

Related papers

Benchmarking Emerging Cavity-Mediated Quantum Interconnect Technologies for Modular Quantum Computers

Sahar Ben Rached, Sergio Navarro Reyes, Junaid Khan +3 more

Modularity is a promising approach for scaling up quantum computers and therefore integrating higher qubit counts. The essence of such architectures lies in their reliance on high-fidelity and fast quantum state transfers enabled by generating entanglement between chips. In addressing the challenge of implementing quantum coherent communication channels to interconnect quantum processors, various techniques have been proposed to account for qubit technology specifications and the implemented communication protocol. By employing Design Space Exploration (DSE) methodologies, this work presents a comparative analysis of the cavity-mediated interconnect technologies according to a defined figure of merit, and we identify the configurations related to the cavity and atomic decay rates as well as the qubit-cavity coupling strength that meet the efficiency thresholds. We therefore contribute to benchmarking contemporary cavity-mediated quantum interconnects and guide the development of reliable and scalable chip-to-chip links for modular quantum computers.

arXiv:2407.15651•IEEE International Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering (QCE)•Sep 15, 2024•3 citations

An Analytical Approach to Design Space Exploration for Cavity-Mediated Quantum State Transfer in Multi-core Architectures

Biel Pons Zaragoza, Junaid Khan, Rohit Sarma Sarkar +4 more

In multi-core quantum computing architectures, waveguide-mediated interconnects are essential for facilitating fast, high-fidelity quantum state transfer between qubits located in different chips. However, optimizing these systems typically relies on computationally expensive numerical simulations that offer limited physical insight. In this work, we derive exact analytical expressions for the state transfer dynamics of a two-qubit system coupled via a waveguide, modeled through a Jaynes-Cummings Hamiltonian and the Lindblad master equation. We apply the Monte Carlo wave-function method and obtain a closed-form solution for qubit occupation probabilities that accounts for both detuning and dissipative losses. Our analytical framework provides a significant computational speedup compared to standard numerical solvers, enabling large-scale parameter sweeps while maintaining high precision in both fidelity and latency predictions. Furthermore, the model reveals and explains systematic low-fidelity regions arising from destructive interference between internal oscillations and detuning-induced envelopes, which are phenomena that are difficult to characterize through numerical means alone. Finally, we propose a simplified latency model and an efficiency-based function to enable rapid identification of optimal operating points. This analytical approach provides a robust foundation for the design and optimization of interconnects in multi-core quantum processors.

quant-pharXiv:2604.27664•May 1, 2026•0 citations

Waveguide QED Analysis of Quantum-Coherent Links for Modular Quantum Computing

Junaid Khan, Sergio Navarro Reyes, Sahar Ben Rached +4 more

Waveguides potentially offer an effective medium for interconnecting quantum processors within a modular framework, facilitating the coherent quantum state transfer between the qubits across separate chips. In this work, we analyze a quantum communication scenario where two qubits are connected to a shared waveguide, whose resonance frequency may match or not match that of the qubits. Both configurations are simulated from the perspective of quantum electrodynamics (QED) to assess the system behavior and key factors that influence reliable interchip communication. The primary performance metrics analyzed are quantum state transfer fidelity and latency, considering the impact of key system parameters such as the qubit-waveguide detuning, coupling strength, waveguide decay rate, and qubit decay rate. We present the system design requirements that yield enhanced state transmission fidelity rates and lowered latency, and discuss the scalability of waveguide-mediated interconnects considering various configurations of the system.

arXiv:2502.11972•IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems proceedings•May 25, 2025•0 citations

Spin Qubits in Photon-Coupled Microwave Cavities

Samuel Johnson, Nancy Sandler

Electron spin qubits in microwave cavities provide a promising platform for scalable quantum computing hardware, leveraging long coherence times, charge-noise robustness and cavity mediated qubit-qubit interactions. While the strong spin-photon coupling regime is accessible via on-chip micromagnets, scaling conventional architectures by placing multiple qubits within a single shared resonator degrades transmission amplitudes, hence limiting large-scale efficiency. To overcome this limitation, we analyze a modular architecture where individual cavities containing a limited number of qubits are coupled via single-photon-exchange waveguides. Using input/output theory, we compute the transmission amplitudes for networks of two and three coupled cavities in various configurations. We map out the distinct physical regimes accessible by tuning key system parameters, offering a viable pathway for scalable cavity-based quantum spin qubit networks.

cond-mat.mes-hallCross-listedarXiv:2608.06859•Aug 10, 2026•0 citations

Towards Scalable Quantum Networks

Connor Howe, Aziz, Mohsin, Ali Anwar

This paper presents a comprehensive study on the scalability challenges and opportunities in quantum communication networks, with the goal of determining parameters that impact networks most as well as the trends that appear when scaling networks. We design simulations of quantum networks comprised of router nodes made up of trapped-ion qubits, separated by quantum repeaters in the form of Bell State Measurement (BSM) nodes. Such networks hold the promise of securely sharing quantum information and enabling high-power distributed quantum computing. Despite the promises, quantum networks encounter scalability issues due to noise and operational errors. Through a modular approach, our research aims to surmount these challenges, focusing on effects from scaling node counts and separation distances while monitoring low-quality communication arising from decoherence effects. We aim to pinpoint the critical features within networks essential for advancing scalable, large-scale quantum computing systems. Our findings underscore the impact of several network parameters on scalability, highlighting a critical insight into the trade-offs between the number of repeaters and the quality of entanglement generated. This paper lays the groundwork for future explorations into optimized quantum network designs and protocols.

arXiv:2409.08416•Sep 12, 2024•0 citations

Cavity Mediated Two-Qubit Gate: Tuning to Optimal Performance with NISQ Era Quantum Simulations

Shreekanth S. Yuvarajan, Vincent Iglesias-Cardinale, David Hucul +1 more

A variety of photon-mediated operations are critical to the realization of scalable quantum information processing platforms and their accurate characterization is essential for the identification of optimal regimes and their experimental realizations. Such light-matter interactions are often studied with a broad variety of analytical and computational methods that are constrained by approximation techniques or by computational scaling. Quantum processors present a new avenue to address these challenges. We consider the case of cavity mediated two-qubit gates. To investigate quantum state transfer between the qubits, we implement simulations with quantum circuits that are able to reliably track the dynamics of the system. Our quantum algorithm, compatible with NISQ (Noisy Intermediate Scale Quantum) era systems, allows us to map out the fidelity of the state transfer operation between qubits as a function of a broad range of system parameters including the respective detunings between the qubits and the cavity, the damping factor of the cavity, and the respective couplings between the qubits and the cavity. The algorithm provides a robust and intuitive solution, alongside a satisfactory agreement with analytical solutions or classical simulation algorithms in their respective regimes of validity. It allows us to identify under-explored regimes of optimal performance, relevant for heterogeneous quantum platforms, where the two-qubit gate can be rather effective between far-detuned qubits that are neither resonant with each other nor with the cavity. Besides its present application, the method introduced in the current paper can be efficiently used in otherwise untractable variations of the model and in various efforts to simulate and optimize photon-mediated two-qubit gates and other relevant operations in quantum information processing.

quant-pharXiv:2512.12030•Physical Review Research•Dec 16, 2025•0 citations
Cavity-mediated interconnects are a promising platform for scaling modular quantum computers by enabling highfidelity inter-chip quantum state transmission and entanglement generation. In this work, we first model the dynamics of deterministic inter-chip quantum state transfer using the Stimulated Raman Adiabatic Passage (STIRAP) protocol, analyzing fidelity loss mechanisms under experimentally achievable qubitcavity coupling and decoherence parameters. We then extend the NetSquid simulator, typically used for simulating longrange quantum communication networks, to support cavity-based communication channels for mediating inter-chip state transfer and entanglement generation. We model cavities as amplitude damping channels parameterized by physical system characteristics; cavity decay rateκ\kappaκand qubit-cavity coupling strengthggg, and analyze the impact of intrinsic qubit decoherence factors dictated byT1T_{1}T1​andT2T_{2}T2​times. Our simulations accurately represent the system's dynamics in both strong and weak coupling regimes, and identify critical trade-offs between fidelity, latency, and noise factors. The proposed framework supports faithful modeling and scalable simulation of modular architectures, and provides insights into design optimization for practical quantum network implementations.
Modularity is a promising approach for scaling up quantum computers and therefore integrating higher qubit counts. The essence of such architectures lies in their reliance on high-fidelity and fast quantum state transfers enabled by generating entanglement between chips. In addressing the challenge of implementing quantum coherent communication channels to interconnect quantum processors, various techniques have been proposed to account for qubit technology specifications and the implemented communication protocol. By employing Design Space Exploration (DSE) methodologies, this work presents a comparative analysis of the cavity-mediated interconnect technologies according to a defined figure of merit, and we identify the configurations related to the cavity and atomic decay rates as well as the qubit-cavity coupling strength that meet the efficiency thresholds. We therefore contribute to benchmarking contemporary cavity-mediated quantum interconnects and guide the development of reliable and scalable chip-to-chip links for modular quantum computers.
In multi-core quantum computing architectures, waveguide-mediated interconnects are essential for facilitating fast, high-fidelity quantum state transfer between qubits located in different chips. However, optimizing these systems typically relies on computationally expensive numerical simulations that offer limited physical insight. In this work, we derive exact analytical expressions for the state transfer dynamics of a two-qubit system coupled via a waveguide, modeled through a Jaynes-Cummings Hamiltonian and the Lindblad master equation. We apply the Monte Carlo wave-function method and obtain a closed-form solution for qubit occupation probabilities that accounts for both detuning and dissipative losses. Our analytical framework provides a significant computational speedup compared to standard numerical solvers, enabling large-scale parameter sweeps while maintaining high precision in both fidelity and latency predictions. Furthermore, the model reveals and explains systematic low-fidelity regions arising from destructive interference between internal oscillations and detuning-induced envelopes, which are phenomena that are difficult to characterize through numerical means alone. Finally, we propose a simplified latency model and an efficiency-based function to enable rapid identification of optimal operating points. This analytical approach provides a robust foundation for the design and optimization of interconnects in multi-core quantum processors.
Waveguides potentially offer an effective medium for interconnecting quantum processors within a modular framework, facilitating the coherent quantum state transfer between the qubits across separate chips. In this work, we analyze a quantum communication scenario where two qubits are connected to a shared waveguide, whose resonance frequency may match or not match that of the qubits. Both configurations are simulated from the perspective of quantum electrodynamics (QED) to assess the system behavior and key factors that influence reliable interchip communication. The primary performance metrics analyzed are quantum state transfer fidelity and latency, considering the impact of key system parameters such as the qubit-waveguide detuning, coupling strength, waveguide decay rate, and qubit decay rate. We present the system design requirements that yield enhanced state transmission fidelity rates and lowered latency, and discuss the scalability of waveguide-mediated interconnects considering various configurations of the system.
Electron spin qubits in microwave cavities provide a promising platform for scalable quantum computing hardware, leveraging long coherence times, charge-noise robustness and cavity mediated qubit-qubit interactions. While the strong spin-photon coupling regime is accessible via on-chip micromagnets, scaling conventional architectures by placing multiple qubits within a single shared resonator degrades transmission amplitudes, hence limiting large-scale efficiency. To overcome this limitation, we analyze a modular architecture where individual cavities containing a limited number of qubits are coupled via single-photon-exchange waveguides. Using input/output theory, we compute the transmission amplitudes for networks of two and three coupled cavities in various configurations. We map out the distinct physical regimes accessible by tuning key system parameters, offering a viable pathway for scalable cavity-based quantum spin qubit networks.
This paper presents a comprehensive study on the scalability challenges and opportunities in quantum communication networks, with the goal of determining parameters that impact networks most as well as the trends that appear when scaling networks. We design simulations of quantum networks comprised of router nodes made up of trapped-ion qubits, separated by quantum repeaters in the form of Bell State Measurement (BSM) nodes. Such networks hold the promise of securely sharing quantum information and enabling high-power distributed quantum computing. Despite the promises, quantum networks encounter scalability issues due to noise and operational errors. Through a modular approach, our research aims to surmount these challenges, focusing on effects from scaling node counts and separation distances while monitoring low-quality communication arising from decoherence effects. We aim to pinpoint the critical features within networks essential for advancing scalable, large-scale quantum computing systems. Our findings underscore the impact of several network parameters on scalability, highlighting a critical insight into the trade-offs between the number of repeaters and the quality of entanglement generated. This paper lays the groundwork for future explorations into optimized quantum network designs and protocols.
A variety of photon-mediated operations are critical to the realization of scalable quantum information processing platforms and their accurate characterization is essential for the identification of optimal regimes and their experimental realizations. Such light-matter interactions are often studied with a broad variety of analytical and computational methods that are constrained by approximation techniques or by computational scaling. Quantum processors present a new avenue to address these challenges. We consider the case of cavity mediated two-qubit gates. To investigate quantum state transfer between the qubits, we implement simulations with quantum circuits that are able to reliably track the dynamics of the system. Our quantum algorithm, compatible with NISQ (Noisy Intermediate Scale Quantum) era systems, allows us to map out the fidelity of the state transfer operation between qubits as a function of a broad range of system parameters including the respective detunings between the qubits and the cavity, the damping factor of the cavity, and the respective couplings between the qubits and the cavity. The algorithm provides a robust and intuitive solution, alongside a satisfactory agreement with analytical solutions or classical simulation algorithms in their respective regimes of validity. It allows us to identify under-explored regimes of optimal performance, relevant for heterogeneous quantum platforms, where the two-qubit gate can be rather effective between far-detuned qubits that are neither resonant with each other nor with the cavity. Besides its present application, the method introduced in the current paper can be efficiently used in otherwise untractable variations of the model and in various efforts to simulate and optimize photon-mediated two-qubit gates and other relevant operations in quantum information processing.