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arXiv:2507.17339

Quantum Beatings in Optical Cavities

Ishaan Ganti, Jianshu Cao

Published Jul 23, 2025• 0 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Cavity polaritons, quasiparticles formed by coherent light-matter coupling, are at the heart of fundamental concepts of quantum optics. The quintessential signature of this coherent coupling is the Rabi oscillation, which results from the neglect of the counter-rotating-wave (CRW) effect in the weak-coupling regime. The goal of this letter is to predict resonant beatings that envelop the Rabi oscillation on the second or higher excitation manifold. These polariton beatings arise from the CRW term in the Dicke or Pauli-Fierz model and are directly correlated with the asymmetry in polariton eigenenergies. Our findings highlight the relevance of the CRW effect even in the weak-coupling regime, offer novel perspectives about coherent polariton dynamics, and shed new light on experiments of coupled quantum systems.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.2507.17339

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The Rabi Hamiltonian, describing the interaction between a two-level atomic system and a single-cavity mode of the electromagnetic field, is one of the fundamental models in quantum optics. The model becomes exactly solvable by considering an atom without permanent dipole moments, whose excitation energy is quasiresonant with the cavity photon energy, and by neglecting the nonresonant (counter-rotating) terms. In this case, after including the decay of either the atom or the cavity mode to a continuum, one can derive the well-known phenomenology of quasiresonant transitions, including the fluorescence triplets. In this work we consider the most general Rabi model, incorporating the effects of permanent atomic electric dipole moments. Based on a perturbative analysis, we compare the intensities of emission lines induced by rotating terms, counter-rotating terms, and parity-symmetry-breaking terms in order to identify the parameter regimes in which these different contributions play a significant role. The analysis reveals that the emission strength related to the existence of permanent dipoles may surpass the one due to the counter-rotating interaction terms but is usually much weaker than the emission due to the main, resonant coupling. This ratio can be modified in systems with a reduced dimensionality or by engineering the energy spectral density of the continuum.
he effect of the counter-rotating terms in the Jaynes-Cummings model is investigated with an extended coherent-state approach. The counter-rotating terms greatly modify the vacuum Rabi splitting. Two peaks with different heights in the weak coupling regime and more than two peaks in the intermediate coupling regime are predicted. The collapses and revivals in the evolution of the atomic population inversion disappear in the intermediate coupling regime, but reappear in the strong coupling regime. This reappearance is similar to that under the rotating-wave approximation, attributed to the summation of periodic cosine functions of the evolution.
We develop the theoretical formalism to calculate second-order correlations in dissipative exciton-polariton system and we propose intensity-intensity correlation experiments to reveal the physics of exciton-light coupling in semiconductor microcavities in the Rabi oscillation regime. We predict a counterintuitive behavior of the correlator between upper and lower polariton branches: Due to the decoherence caused by stochastic exciton-photon conversions this correlator is expected to decrease below 1, while the individual second-order coherence of upper and lower polaritons exhibits nonmonotonous bunching.
Abstract The spectrum and energy dynamics for a system that comprises a molecule interacting with a cavity photon is analyzed, taking into account the effect of both molecular vibrations and counter‐rotating terms (CR) in the dipole Hamiltonian. The CR terms do not have a strong effect on the spectrum even for moderately large values of the exciton‐photon interaction. However, it is shown that the polariton subspace is governed by an effective Quantum‐Rabi Hamiltonian, where polaritons act as a two‐level system and the phonons play the role of cavity photons. The effect of the CR terms is amplified in the dynamics: as the vibrations reduce the effective photon‐exciton coupling, small Bloch‐Siegert energy shifts can bring the system out of resonance.