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arXiv:2507.17256

Super-Enhanced Absorption of Gravitons in Atomic Gases

Yu, Yongle

Published Jul 23, 2025• 0 citations
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Abstract

We present a novel method for detecting gravitons using an atomic gas supported by laser fields. Despite the coupling strength of gravitons to atomic transitions being orders of magnitude weaker than that of photons to atomic transitions, the rate of graviton-absorbed atomic transitions can be substantially elevated to a practically observable level. This enhancement is facilitated by an exceptionally potent amplification effect, stemming from a collective quantum electrodynamics phenomenon that encompasses a simultaneous multiphoton-multiatom process.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.2507.17256

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We present a novel method for detecting gravitons using an atomic gas supported by laser fields. Despite the coupling strength of gravitons to atomic transitions being orders of magnitude weaker than that of photons to atomic transitions, the rate of graviton-absorbed atomic transitions can be substantially elevated to a practically observable level. This enhancement is facilitated by an exceptionally potent amplification effect, stemming from a collective quantum electrodynamics phenomenon that encompasses a simultaneous multiphoton-multiatom process.
We investigate simultaneous multiphoton-multiatom (MPMA) processes in atomic gases subjected to laser fields. Our study reveals that the composite factor governing the transition rate of these processes can reach extraordinarily high magnitudes, with an intrinsic regulation mechanism causing the rate to exhibit near-saturation behavior. By integrating an MPMA process into an ultraweak atomic absorption transition, a substantial enhancement of the overall transition rate can be achieved. This enhancement enables the detection of transitions that would otherwise remain undetectable, thereby opening new avenues for exploring ultraweak quantum phenomena in atomic systems.
We develop a quantum description of the resonant interaction between electromagnetic (EM) and gravitational waves (GW). We first show that Lorentz invariance together with polarization selection rules forbids any photon-graviton mixing in free space. We demonstrate that confining the EM field within a cavity quantum electrodynamics (cavity-QED) environment breaks translational symmetry and isotropy, leading to non-vanishing mode coupling between EM and gravitational degrees of freedom. Within this framework, we identify multiple photon-graviton scattering channels, including photon up- and down-conversion and photon creation. In the semiclassical limit of the trilinear interaction where GW acts as a classical pump and the EM field is in a vacuum, spontaneous parametric photon amplification and two-mode squeezing occur. When the gravitational field is quantized, however, the back-action and energy exchange between photons and gravitons result in saturation of amplification, in contrast to exponential growth, and the loss of purity in the photonic subsystem. The characteristic timescale scales as tsp∼(gng)−1t_{\text{sp}}\sim (g\sqrt{n_g})^{-1}tsp​∼(gng​​)−1, where ggg and ngn_gng​ refer to the coupling strength and the mean graviton number, demonstrating collective enhancement of the interaction with the graviton occupation number. In the stimulated regime, where one EM mode is initially populated, the effective coupling is further enhanced, analogous to Dicke-type superradiant emission. This work introduces a cavity-based graviton transducer for probing quantum aspects of GWs.
The use of atoms, molecules, and free electrons in quantum amplifiers has greatly advanced precision measurements, paving the way for the development of extremely-low-noise quantum devices such as masers and lasers. Here, we investigate the signal amplification of interacting spins and observe the amplification of magnetic fields using mixtures of interacting alkali-metal and noble gases. In contrast to noninteracting systems used as amplifiers, we demonstrate that interactions resulting from random atomic collisions give rise to two distinct amplification phenomena. These phenomena provide essential resources for enhancing quantum sensing capabilities. Our results show that magnetic fields can be amplified by at least two orders of magnitude, enhancing magnetic sensitivity to the femtotesla per root hertz level. Additionally, we report a counterpart phenomenon, deamplification, where the magnetic noise response is suppressed by at least one order of magnitude within certain frequency regimes. In this work alkali-metal and noble-gas spins are weakly coupled. We further explore how the performance of amplification changes with the interaction strength as the two spin gases gradually enter the strong-coupling regime, unveiling hitherto unexplored amplification effects that hold promise for enhancing precision measurements.