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arXiv:2507.09963

Device-Independent Private Quantum Randomness Beacon

Ignatius William Primaatmaja, Hong Jie Ng, Koon Tong Goh

Published Jul 14, 2025• 0 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Device-independent quantum random number generation (DIQRNG) is the gold standard for generating truly random numbers, as it can produce certifiably random numbers from untrusted devices. However, the stringent device requirements of traditional DIQRNG protocols have limited their practical applications. Here, we introduce Device-Independent Private Quantum Randomness Beacon (DIPQRB), a novel approach to generate random numbers from untrusted devices based on routed Bell tests. This method significantly relaxes the device requirements, enabling a more practical way of generating randomness from untrusted devices. By distributing the device requirements across a network of servers and clients, our proposal allows the server to operate high-performance devices while the clients can be equipped with more cost-effective devices. Moreover, the outputs of the client's device are also private, even against the server, which is essential in cryptographic applications. Therefore, DIPQRB provides a cost-effective method to generate secure and private random numbers from untrusted devices.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.2507.09963

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Device-independent quantum random number generation (DIQRNG) is the gold standard for generating truly random numbers, as it can produce certifiably random numbers from untrusted devices. However, the stringent device requirements of traditional DIQRNG protocols have limited their practical applications. Here, we introduce Device-Independent Private Quantum Randomness Beacon (DIPQRB), a novel approach to generate random numbers from untrusted devices based on routed Bell tests. This method significantly relaxes the device requirements, enabling a more practical way of generating randomness from untrusted devices. By distributing the device requirements across a network of servers and clients, our proposal allows the server to operate high-performance devices while the clients can be equipped with more cost-effective devices. Moreover, the outputs of the client's device are also private, even against the server, which is essential in cryptographic applications. Therefore, DIPQRB provides a cost-effective method to generate secure and private random numbers from untrusted devices.
With the advancement of the information age, the risk of information security keeps increasing. Randomness is the core of network and information system security, and it is the basic support of the entire network trust system. In this paper, we introduce the concept of Device-Independent Quantum Random Number Generator (DIQRNG), which provides randomness with the highest security level. To better integrate with Information and Communications Technology (ICT) systems, we propose the principle and architectural framework of a randomness beacon based on DIQRNG. It is a public service that can be applied in multiple scenarios, such as contract signing and confidential disclosure. Its related application cases are also currently being studied in the ITU QIT4N focus group.
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With the advancement of the information age, the risk of information security keeps increasing. Randomness is the core of network and information system security, and it is the basic support of the entire network trust system. In this paper, we introduce the concept of Device-Independent Quantum Random Number Generator (DIQRNG), which provides randomness with the highest security level. To better integrate with Information and Communications Technology (ICT) systems, we propose the principle and architectural framework of a randomness beacon based on DIQRNG. It is a public service that can be applied in multiple scenarios, such as contract signing and confidential disclosure. Its related application cases are also currently being studied in the ITU QIT4N focus group.
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Quantum random number generators (QRNGs) produce true random numbers based on the inherent randomness of quantum theory, rendering them a foundational segment of quantum cryptography. Distinguished from trusted-device QRNGs whose security depends on characterized devices, semi-device-independent (semi-DI) QRNGs permit partial devices to be defective or even maliciously manipulated, which achieves a good trade-off between generation rate and security. In this paper, we propose a semi-DI QRNG that resists general attacks while accounting for finite-size effects. The protocol requires no rigorous characterization of the source and measurement devices other than limiting the energy of the emitted states, significantly reducing the demands on practical QRNG systems. Leveraging the tight Kato inequality for correlated variables, we show that our protocol generates more randomness than it consumes. Furthermore, we demonstrate the scheme on a continuous-variable system with ternary inputs of states. Heterodyne detection is employed to enable phase compensation through data postprocessing, alleviating the stringent requirement on system stability. The system operates at 100 MHz, achieving a net random number generation rate of 1.165 Mbps at 5.3x10^9 rounds. Our work offers a promising approach to achieve both the robust security and high generation rate with a simple experimental setup.