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arXiv:2506.23143 · Physical Review A

Single-qudit control in Sr 87 via optical nuclear electric resonance

Johannes K. Krondorfer, Matthias Diez, Andreas W. Hauser

Published Nov 20, 2025• 1 citation
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Optical nuclear electric resonance (ONER) was recently proposed as a fast and robust single-qubit gate mechanism in Sr 87 . Here, we demonstrate through numerical simulations that ONER can be extended to single-qudit control, addressing multiple one-level hyperfine transitions within the ten-dimensional nuclear-spin manifold. We identify suitable operating regimes and show that ONER enables high-fidelity spin manipulations, with simulated π-gate fidelities exceeding 99.9%, while maintaining coherence under realistic parameter fluctuations. These results establish a proof of principle for optical qudit control in Sr 87 and delineate practical parameter ranges for future experiments, highlighting ONER as a promising pathway toward high-dimensional quantum information processing.

DOI
10.1103/tw3x-zswm

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Optical nuclear electric resonance (ONER) was recently proposed as a fast and robust single-qubit gate mechanism in Sr 87 . Here, we demonstrate through numerical simulations that ONER can be extended to single-qudit control, addressing multiple one-level hyperfine transitions within the ten-dimensional nuclear-spin manifold. We identify suitable operating regimes and show that ONER enables high-fidelity spin manipulations, with simulated π-gate fidelities exceeding 99.9%, while maintaining coherence under realistic parameter fluctuations. These results establish a proof of principle for optical qudit control in Sr 87 and delineate practical parameter ranges for future experiments, highlighting ONER as a promising pathway toward high-dimensional quantum information processing.
Abstract The precise control of nuclear spin states is crucial for a wide range of quantum technology applications. Here, we propose a fast and robust single-qubit gate in 87 Sr utilizing the concept of optical nuclear electric resonance (ONER). ONER exploits the interaction between the quadrupole moment of a nucleus and the electric field gradient generated by its electronic environment, enabling spin level transitions via amplitude-modulated laser light. We investigate the hyperfine structure of the 5s 2 1 S 0 → 5s5p 3 P 1 optical transition in neutral 87 Sr and identify the magnetic field strengths and laser parameters necessary to drive spin transitions between the m I = − 9 / 2 and m I = − 5 / 2 hyperfine levels in the ground state. Our simulations show that ONER could enable faster spin operations compared to the state-of-the-art oscillations in this ‘atomic qubit’. Moreover, we show that spin-flip operations exceeding 99.9% fidelity can be performed even in the presence of typical noise sources. These results pave the way for significant advances in nuclear spin control, opening new possibilities for quantum memories and other quantum technologies.
Quantum systems with more than two levels - so-called qudits - offer increased computational density and reduced circuit complexity compared to qubit-based architectures, but achieving universal and scalable control remains challenging. We propose an all-optical scheme for universal qudit control in trapped neutral atoms in moderate to high magnetic fields, focusing on the fermionic isotope 173Yb (I = 5/2). The strong hyperfine interaction in the 3P1 manifold enables fast and selective Raman transitions between nuclear-spin states in the 1S0 ground-state manifold using a single linearly polarized laser. For each neighboring transition in the qudit manifold, we identify a magic polarization angle that enables coherent, state-selective control while suppressing off-resonant excitations, with operation frequencies exceeding 100 kHz. Combined with phase-shift operations, this provides universal control of the full single-qudit space. We further discuss compatible two-qudit gates based on the Rydberg blockade mechanism, completing a universal gate set, and analyze state-selective readout schemes compatible with the proposed protocol. Our results identify 173Yb as a promising platform for high-fidelity, all-optical qudit-based quantum information processing.
Spins in condensed matter, especially well-isolated nuclear spins, offer attractive quantum degrees of freedom for computing, sensing, and networking because of their long coherence times. The possibility of electric-field control is an important feature for practical scalable quantum technologies, but, typically, nuclear spins couple only weakly to electric fields in conventional semiconductor hosts, limiting operation efficiency. Here we show that a choice of a highly polarizable oxide host can overcome this bottleneck. In Mn2+ doped ZnO, electric-field modulation of the spin Hamiltonian is amplified by hyperfine-coupled electron spins, and offers efficient electric-field manipulation of an I = 5/2 nuclear spin qudit, in a manner analogous to the hyperfine enhancement of conventional nuclear magnetic resonance. We demonstrate both resonant and non-resonant coherent manipulation using a single uniaxial electric field applied along the crystalline c-axis, the polarization axis of ZnO. This approach allows universal single-qudit gate operations with efficiencies comparable to or exceeding those of conventional magnetic-field driving. These results support the deployment of doped oxides as active host materials for electrically controllable spin qubits, highlighting the importance of materials design in developing scalable quantum technologies.
Abstract Optical nuclear electric resonance (ONER), a recently proposed protocol for nuclear spin manipulation in atomic systems via short laser pulses with MHz repetition rate, exploits the coupling between the nuclear quadrupole moment of a suitable atom and the periodic modulations of the electric field gradient generated by an optically stimulated electronic excitation. In this theory paper, we extend the scope of ONER from atomic to molecular systems and show that molecular vibrations do not interfere with our protocol. Exploring the diatomic molecule LiNa as a first benchmark system, our investigation showcases the robustness with respect to molecular vibration, and the ability to address and manipulate each of the two nuclear spins independently, simply by adjusting the repetition rate of a pulsed laser. Our findings suggest that it might be possible to shift complicated spin manipulation tasks required for quantum computing into the time domain by pulse-duration encoded laser signals.
The nuclear spin of a phosphorus atom in silicon is considered as a promising quantum information carrier for quantum computing due to its long coherence time. Coherent control of the nuclear spin is typically realized using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). In this work, we theoretically propose that with the aid of hyperfine interactions and magnetic field gradients, fast electric-dipole-induced nuclear electric resonance (EDNER) can be achieved. The stronger EDNER (compared with NMR) arises from the combined effects of hyperfine interaction between the nuclear and electron spins and coupling between the electron spin and charge degrees of freedom mediated by magnetic field gradients in this scheme. By operating at specific working points, the nuclear-spin splitting becomes less sensitive to electrical noise, enabling long coherence times and high-fidelity quantum operations. All elctrical, addressable control of nuclear spins paves the way for scalable silicon-based quantum computing.
Abstract Single electron spins bound to multi-phosphorus nuclear spin registers in silicon have demonstrated fast (0.8 ns) two-qubit SWAP\sqrt{\mathrm{SWAP}}SWAP​ SWAP gates and long spin relaxation times (~30 s). In these spin registers, when the donors are ionized, the nuclear spins remain weakly coupled to their environment, allowing exceptionally long coherence times. When the electron is present, the hyperfine interaction allows coupling of the spin and charge degrees of freedom for fast qubit operation and control. Here we demonstrate the use of the hyperfine interaction to enact electric dipole spin resonance to realize high-fidelity ( F=100−6+0F=10{0}_{-6}^{+0}F=100−6+0​ F = 10 0 − 6 + 0 %) initialization of all the nuclear spins within a four-qubit nuclear spin register. By controllably initializing the nuclear spins to ∣⇓⇓⇓⟩\left\vert \Downarrow \Downarrow \Downarrow \right\rangle∣⇓⇓⇓⟩ ⇓ ⇓ ⇓ , we achieve single-electron qubit gate fidelities of F = 99.78 ± 0.07% (Clifford gate fidelities of 99.58 ± 0.14%), above the fault-tolerant threshold for the surface code with a coherence time of $${T}_{2}^{\,* }=12\,\upmu {{{\rm{s}}}}$$ T 2 * = 12 μ s .