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arXiv:2506.08190

Quantum noise in a squeezed-light-enhanced multiparameter quantum sensor

Aleksandra Sierant, Diana Méndez-Avalos, Santiago Tabares Giraldo, Morgan W. Mitchell

Published Jun 9, 2025• 0 citations
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Abstract

We study quantum enhancement of sensitivity using squeezed light in a multi-parameter quantum sensor, the hybrid dc-rf optically pumped magnetometer (hOPM) [Phys. Rev. Applied 21, 034054, (2024)]. Using a single spin ensemble, the hOPM acquires both the dc field strength (scalar magnetometry), and resonantly detects one quadrature of the ac magnetic field at a chosen frequency (rf magnetometry). In contrast to the Bell-Bloom scalar magnetometer [Phys. Rev. Lett. 127, 193601 (2021)], the back-action evasion in the hOPM is incomplete, leading to a nontrivial interplay of the three quantum noise sources in this system: photon shot noise, spin projection noise, and measurement back-action noise. We observe these interactions using squeezed light as a tool to control the distribution of optical quantum noise between $S_2$ and $S_3$ polarization Stokes components, and the resulting effect on readout quantum noise and measurement back-action. These results demonstrate quantum-enhanced sensitivity in a continuously operating multi-parameter sensor and reveal fundamental trade-offs between sensitivity, back-action, and bandwidth.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.2506.08190

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We study quantum enhancement of sensitivity using squeezed light in a multi-parameter quantum sensor, the hybrid dc-rf optically pumped magnetometer (hOPM) [Phys. Rev. Applied 21, 034054, (2024)]. Using a single spin ensemble, the hOPM acquires both the dc field strength (scalar magnetometry), and resonantly detects one quadrature of the ac magnetic field at a chosen frequency (rf magnetometry). In contrast to the Bell-Bloom scalar magnetometer [Phys. Rev. Lett. 127, 193601 (2021)], the back-action evasion in the hOPM is incomplete, leading to a nontrivial interplay of the three quantum noise sources in this system: photon shot noise, spin projection noise, and measurement back-action noise. We observe these interactions using squeezed light as a tool to control the distribution of optical quantum noise between S2S_2S2​ and S3S_3S3​ polarization Stokes components, and the resulting effect on readout quantum noise and measurement back-action. These results demonstrate quantum-enhanced sensitivity in a continuously operating multi-parameter sensor and reveal fundamental trade-offs between sensitivity, back-action, and bandwidth.
We study quantum enhancement of sensitivity using squeezed light in a multiparameter quantum sensor, the hybrid dc and rf optically pumped magnetometer (hOPM) [M. Lipka , Multiparameter quantum sensing and magnetic communication with a hybrid dc and rf optically pumped magnetometer, , 034054 (2024)]. Using a single spin ensemble, the hOPM acquires both the dc field strength (scalar magnetometry) and resonantly detects one quadrature of the ac magnetic field at a chosen frequency (rf magnetometry). In contrast to the Bell-Bloom scalar magnetometer [C. Troullinou , Squeezed-light enhancement and backaction evasion in a high sensitivity optically pumped magnetometer, , 193601 (2021)], the backaction evasion in the hOPM is incomplete, leading to a nontrivial interplay of the three quantum noise sources in this system: photon shot noise, spin projection noise, and measurement backaction noise. We observe these interactions using squeezed light as a tool to control the distribution of optical quantum noise between S 2 and S 3 polarization Stokes components, and the resulting effect on readout quantum noise and measurement backaction. These results demonstrate quantum-enhanced sensitivity in a continuously operating multiparameter sensor and reveal fundamental trade-offs between sensitivity, backaction, and bandwidth.
We experimentally investigate the quantum noise mechanisms that limit continuously operating multiparameter quantum sensors. Using a hybrid rf-dc optically pumped magnetometer, we map the photon shot noise, spin projection noise, and measurement back-action noise over an order of magnitude in probe power and a factor of three in pump power while remaining quantum-noise-limited. We observe linear, quadratic, and cubic scaling of the respective total noise powers with probe photon flux, together with a quadratic dependence of back-action on pump photon flux, in quantitative agreement with a stochastic Bloch-equation model. At higher probe powers, additional probe-induced relaxation modifies the spin-noise spectrum while preserving the integrated noise scaling. Our results reveal fundamental, resource-dependent trade-offs unique to continuously monitored multiparameter sensors and establish experimentally the quantum limits governing their optimal operation.
We introduce and demonstrate a hybrid optically pumped magnetometer (HOPM) that simultaneously measures one dc field component and one rf field component quadrature with a single atomic spin ensemble. The HOPM achieves sub-pT/Hz\mathrm{pT}/\sqrt{\mathrm{Hz}}pT/Hz​ sensitivity for both dc and rf fields, and is limited in sensitivity by spin projection noise at low frequencies and by photon shot noise at high frequencies. We demonstrate with the HOPM an alternative application of multiparameter quantum sensing: background-canceling spread spectrum magnetic communication. We encode a digital message as rf amplitude, spread among 16 channels from 29 to 33 kHz in a noisy magnetic environment, and observe quantum-noise-limited rf magnetic signal recovery enabled by quantum-noise-limited dc noise cancelation, reaching noise rejection of 15 dB at 100 Hz and more than 20 dB at 60 Hz and below. We measure signal fidelity versus signal strength and extrinsic noise in communication of a short text message. The combination of high sensitivity, quantum-noise-limited performance, and real-world application potential makes the HOPM ideally suited for the study of high-performance multiparameter quantum sensing.
We study the effect of optical squeezing on the performance of a sensitive, quantum-noise-limited optically-pumped magnetometer. We use Bell-Bloom optical pumping to excite a 87^{87}87Rb vapor and Faraday rotation to detect spin precession. The sub-pT/Hz\mathrm{pT}/\sqrt{\mathrm{Hz}}pT/Hz​ sensitivity is limited by spin projection noise (photon shot noise) at low (high) frequencies. Probe polarization squeezing both improves high-frequency sensitivity and increases signal bandwidth. The accompanying polarization anti-squeezing perturbs only an unmeasured spin component, so there is no loss of sensitivity at any frequency. The method is compatible with high-density and multi-pass techniques that reach extreme sensitivity.
We study the effect of optical polarization squeezing on the performance of a sensitive, quantum-noise-limited optically pumped magnetometer. We use Bell-Bloom (BB) optical pumping to excite a ^{87}Rb vapor containing 8.2×10^{12} atoms/cm^{3} and Faraday rotation to detect spin precession. The sub-pT/sqrt[Hz] sensitivity is limited by spin projection noise (photon shot noise) at low (high) frequencies. Probe polarization squeezing both improves high-frequency sensitivity and increases measurement bandwidth, with no loss of sensitivity at any frequency, a direct demonstration of the evasion of measurement backaction noise. We provide a model for the quantum noise dynamics of the BB magnetometer, including spin projection noise, probe polarization noise, and measurement backaction effects. The theory shows how polarization squeezing reduces optical noise, while measurement backaction due to the accompanying ellipticity antisqueezing is shunted into the unmeasured spin component. The method is compatible with high-density and multipass techniques that reach extreme sensitivity.
We study the effect of optical polarization squeezing on the performance of a sensitive, quantum-noise-limited optically pumped magnetometer. We use Bell-Bloom (BB) optical pumping to excite a Rb87 vapor containing 8.2×1012 atoms/cm3 and Faraday rotation to detect spin precession. The sub-pT/Hz sensitivity is limited by spin projection noise (photon shot noise) at low (high) frequencies. Probe polarization squeezing both improves high-frequency sensitivity and increases measurement bandwidth, with no loss of sensitivity at any frequency, a direct demonstration of the evasion of measurement backaction noise. We provide a model for the quantum noise dynamics of the BB magnetometer, including spin projection noise, probe polarization noise, and measurement backaction effects. The theory shows how polarization squeezing reduces optical noise, while measurement backaction due to the accompanying ellipticity antisqueezing is shunted into the unmeasured spin component. The method is compatible with high-density and multipass techniques that reach extreme sensitivity.