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arXiv:2505.12747 · Physical Review A

Temporal SU(1,1) interferometer with broadband squeezed light injection

Zepeng Liu, Tianyu Liu, Hongmei Ma, Chun-Hua Yuan

Published Oct 8, 2025• 0 citations
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Abstract

Temporal optics has attracted much attention due to its ability for lossless stretching of ultrafast temporal pulses. Concurrently, spatial SU(1,1) interferometers (SUIs) are widely utilized due to their high sensitivity to phase changes. Building on these concepts, we investigate a temporal SUI based on a temporal Fourier transform system, injecting broadband squeezed light for characterization. Our results show that the output spectral characteristics of the interferometer depend on the ratio of the focal group delay dispersion values of the two time lenses (defined as the scaling factor $M$) and the derivative of the applied phase. The scaling factor $M$ strongly influences both the bandwidth and the degree of squeezing in the output spectrum. Meanwhile, the phase derivative induces a frequency shift proportional to its magnitude. Furthermore, the output squeezed-state spectrum exhibits concentrated squeezing at both the center frequency and the shifted frequencies. As the scaling factor $M$ increases, the proportion of squeezing concentrated at the center frequency increases correspondingly. We also theoretically analyze and numerically calculate the phase sensitivity with respect to the phase derivative and the scaling factor $M$, under both lossless and lossy conditions. This temporal SUI architecture opens new avenues for the control of nonclassical fields in the time-frequency domain and quantum information processing applications.

DOI
10.1103/3fln-61hc

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Temporal optics has attracted much attention due to its ability for lossless stretching of ultrafast temporal pulses. Concurrently, spatial SU(1,1) interferometers (SUIs) are widely utilized due to their high sensitivity to phase changes. Building on these concepts, we investigate a temporal SUI based on a temporal Fourier transform system, injecting broadband squeezed light for characterization. Our results show that the output spectral characteristics of the interferometer depend on the ratio of the focal group delay dispersion values of the two time lenses (defined as the scaling factor MMM) and the derivative of the applied phase. The scaling factor MMM strongly influences both the bandwidth and the degree of squeezing in the output spectrum. Meanwhile, the phase derivative induces a frequency shift proportional to its magnitude. Furthermore, the output squeezed-state spectrum exhibits concentrated squeezing at both the center frequency and the shifted frequencies. As the scaling factor MMM increases, the proportion of squeezing concentrated at the center frequency increases correspondingly. We also theoretically analyze and numerically calculate the phase sensitivity with respect to the phase derivative and the scaling factor MMM, under both lossless and lossy conditions. This temporal SUI architecture opens new avenues for the control of nonclassical fields in the time-frequency domain and quantum information processing applications.
Interferometers are highly sensitive to phase differences and are utilized in numerous schemes. Of special interest is the quantum SU(1,1) interferometer which is able to improve the sensitivity of classical interferometers. We theoretically develop and experimentally demonstrate a temporal SU(1,1) interferometer based on two time lenses in a 4f configuration. This temporal SU(1,1) interferometer has a high temporal resolution, imposes interference on both time and spectral domains, and is sensitive to the phase derivative which is important for detecting ultrafast phase changes. Therefore, this interferometer can be utilized for temporal mode encoding, imaging, and studying the ultrafast temporal structure of quantum light.
Temporal optics, which enables lossless manipulation of ultrafast pulses, offers a new dimension for the regulation of quantum optical fields. In this paper, we established a temporal Fourier transform (TF) system based on a four-wave mixing (FWM) time lens and constructed a full quantum theoretical model for the resulting temporal SU(1,1) interferometer. This interferometer has high temporal resolution, can impose interference in both time and frequency domains, and is sensitive to the phase derivative. By introducing linear time-varying phase modulation, we achieved sub-picosecond precision in temporal autocorrelation measurements and generated ​an optical frequency comb with a fixed interval based on a feedback iteration mechanism. Theoretical analysis reveals ​the crucial regulatory role of time-frequency coupling in quantum interference, providing novel solutions for ultrafast quantum imaging, temporal mode encoding, and the generation of optical frequency quantization.
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Temporal imaging is a technique enabling manipulation of temporal optical signals in a manner similar to manipulation of optical images in spatial domain. The quantum description of temporal imaging is relevant in the context of long range quantum communication. Indeed this technology relies on the efficiency of quantum repeaters for which the temporal mode matching between the quantum emitters, the communication network and the quantum memories is critical. In this work we address the problem of temporal imaging of a temporally broadband squeezed light generated by a traveling-wave optical parametric amplifier. We consider a single-lens temporal imaging system formed by two dispersive elements and a parametric temporal lens, based on a non- linear process such as sum-frequency generation or four-wave mixing. We derive a unitary transformation of the field operators performed by this kind of time lens and evaluate the squeezing spectrum at the output of the single-lens imaging system. When the efficiency factor of the temporal lens is smaller than unity, the vacuum fluctuations deteriorate squeezing at its output. For efficiency close to unity, when certain imaging conditions are satisfied, the squeezing spectrum at the output of the imaging system will be the same as that at the output of the OPA in terms of the scaled frequency ΩI = MΩ which corresponds to the scaled time tI = t/M . The magnification factor M gives the possibility of matching the coherence time of the broadband squeezed light to the response time of the photodetector.
Quantum interferometers are able to improve the sensitivity of classical interferometers beyond the shot-noise limit. This is done by employing squeezed states of light and destructive interference of the noise in the system. We developed a quantum SU(1,1) interferometer in the time domain. Our nonlinear quantum interferometer creates interference of the input signals at different times and frequencies. We can control the time and frequency differences for investigating the full temporal and spectral structure of the signal. This quantum interferometer can be utilized for sensing ultrafast phase changes, quantum imaging, temporal mode encoding, and studying the temporal structure of entangled photons.
We demonstrate broadband phase-sensitive amplification (PSA) measurement of squeezed light generated by a waveguide optical parametric amplifier (OPA) with external dispersion compensation. In broadband systems, group velocity dispersion (GVD) induces a frequency-dependent rotation of the squeezing axis, which limits the observable bandwidth in PSA measurements. To overcome this limitation, we introduce external dispersion compensation between two OPAs and suppress the quadrature rotation over a wide frequency range. As a result, we observe a maximum squeezing of 5.9 dB near the carrier frequency and more than 5 dB of squeezing up to a frequency offset of 4.5 THz from the carrier. Furthermore, squeezing below the shot-noise level is confirmed up to a frequency offset of 6 THz from the carrier, corresponding to the accessible phase-matching bandwidth of the waveguide OPA. Our results establish a practical method for broadband characterization of squeezed light and provide a key step toward ultrafast continuous-variable quantum information processing.