© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

Terms Privacy Legal Notice

arXiv:2505.01379 · Physical Review A

Observation of a full hierarchy of temporal quantum correlations with a superconducting qubit

Hao‐Cheng Weng, Chen-Yeh Wei, Huan-Yu Ku, Shin-Liang Chen, Yueh-Nan Chen, Chih‐Sung Chuu

Published May 22, 2025• 3 citations

Abstract

Temporal quantum correlations provide an intriguing way of testing quantumness at the macroscopic level, with a logical hierarchy present among the quantum correlations associated with nonmacrorealism, temporal steering, and temporal inseparability. By manipulating the dynamics of a superconducting qubit, we observe the full hierarchy of temporal quantum correlations. Moreover, we show that the rich dynamics of the temporal quantum correlations, such as sudden death or revival of temporal steering, provides a useful and unique measure for benchmarking qubits on a realistic circuit. Our work finds applications in identifying the casual structure in a quantum network, the non-Markovianity of open quantum systems, and the security bounds of quantum key distribution. As an example, we demonstrate the non-Markovianity of a single superconducting qubit on the quantum circuit.

DOI: 10.1103/physreva.111.052439

Related papers

Hierarchy in temporal quantum correlations

Huan-Yu Ku, Shin-Liang Chen, Neill Lambert +2 more

Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) steering is an intermediate quantum correlation that lies in between entanglement and Bell nonlocality. Its temporal analog, temporal steering, has recently been shown to have applications in quantum information and open quantum systems. Here we show that there exists a hierarchy among the three temporal quantum correlations: temporal inseparability, temporal steering, and macrorealism. Given that the temporal inseparability can be used to define a measure of quantum causality, similarly the quantification of temporal steering can be viewed as a weaker measure of direct cause and can be used to distinguish between direct cause and common cause in a quantum network.

arXiv:1710.11387•Physical Review A•Aug 2, 2018•35 citations

Signatures of non-Markovianity of a superconducting qubit

Balázs Gulácsi, Guido Burkard

We describe temporally correlated noise processes that influence the idle evolution of a superconducting transmon qubit. To model the composite qubit-environment system we use quantum circuit theory, and we show how a circuit Hamiltonian can be derived for transverse noise affecting the qubit. Based on the time-convolutionless projection operator method, we construct a time-local master equation which, when transformed to its canonical Lindblad form, exhibits a decay rate that is negative at all times, corresponding to eternally non-Markovian dynamics. By expressing the solution of the master equation in the Kraus representation, we identify two crucial non-Markovian phenomena: periodic revivals of coherence, and the appearance of additional frequencies far from the qubit frequency in the precession of the qubit state. When a single qubit gate acts on the qubit state, these extra frequency terms rotate undesirably and they effectively act as the memory of the state prior to the rotation around the Bloch sphere.

arXiv:2302.09092•Physical review. B./Physical review. B•May 10, 2023•36 citations

Entanglement dynamics of a superconducting phase qubit coupled to a two-level system

Guozhu Sun, Zhongyuan Zhou, Bo Mao +3 more

We report the observation and quantitative characterization of driven and spontaneous oscillations of quantum entanglement, as measured by concurrence, in a bipartite system consisting of a macroscopic Josephson phase qubit coupled to a microscopic two-level system. The data clearly show the behavior of entanglement dynamics such as sudden death and revival, and the effect of decoherence and ac driving on entanglement.

arXiv:1111.3016•Physical Review B•Aug 1, 2012•14 citations

BIPARTITE AND MULTIPARTITE CORRELATIONS OF COUPLED QUBITS IN A NON-MARKOVIAN ENVIRONMENT: HIERARCHY EQUATION METHOD

Jian-Song Zhang, Zhiyuan Huang, Aixi Chen

We study bipartite and multipartite correlations of several coupled qubits within a common non-Markovian bath using the hierarchy equation method. This method does not use the rotating-wave and Born–Markovian approximations. The interaction between the qubits and their coupling strength with the bath have remarkable influence on the dynamics of quantum correlations. The entanglement sudden death (ESD) phenomenon, the amount of stationary state concurrence and spin squeezing can be controled by the non-Markovianity of the environment and interactions between qubits. These properties may be useful for purposes of quantum information processing with multiqubit system in non-Markovian environments.

International Journal of Quantum Information•Sep 1, 2013•2 citations

Nonclassical correlations in superconducting circuits

Rosanna Migliore, M. Scala, M. Guccione +2 more

Abstract A key step on the road map to solid‐state quantum information processing (and to a deeper understanding of many counterintuitive aspects of quantum mechanics) is the generation and manipulation of nonclassical correlations between different quantum systems. Within this framework, we analyze the possibility of generating maximally entangled states in a system of two superconducting flux qubits, as well as the effectof their own environments on the entanglement dynamics. The analysis reported here confirms that the phenomena of sudden birth and sudden death of the entanglement do not depend on the particular measure of the entanglement adopted (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

physica status solidi (b)•Apr 3, 2009•5 citations

Non-Markovian Dynamics of Quantum and Classical Correlations in the Presence of System-Bath Coherence

Chuan‐Feng Li, Hao-Tian Wang, Hong-Yuan Yuan +2 more

We present a detailed study on the dynamics of two-qubit correlations in non-Markovian environments, applying the hierarchy equations approach. This treatment is free from the limitation of perturbative, Markovian or rotating wave approximations. It is shown that crossovers and sudden changes in the classical and quantum correlations can appear when the strength of the interaction between qubits is gradually reduced. For some special initial states, there are even sudden transitions between the classical and quantum correlations.

arXiv:1011.5114•Chinese Physics Letters•Dec 1, 2011•7 citations

Temporal quantum correlations provide an intriguing way of testing quantumness at the macroscopic level, with a logical hierarchy present among the quantum correlations associated with nonmacrorealism, temporal steering, and temporal inseparability. By manipulating the dynamics of a superconducting qubit, we observe the full hierarchy of temporal quantum correlations. Moreover, we show that the rich dynamics of the temporal quantum correlations, such as sudden death or revival of temporal steering, provides a useful and unique measure for benchmarking qubits on a realistic circuit. Our work finds applications in identifying the casual structure in a quantum network, the non-Markovianity of open quantum systems, and the security bounds of quantum key distribution. As an example, we demonstrate the non-Markovianity of a single superconducting qubit on the quantum circuit.

Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) steering is an intermediate quantum correlation that lies in between entanglement and Bell nonlocality. Its temporal analog, temporal steering, has recently been shown to have applications in quantum information and open quantum systems. Here we show that there exists a hierarchy among the three temporal quantum correlations: temporal inseparability, temporal steering, and macrorealism. Given that the temporal inseparability can be used to define a measure of quantum causality, similarly the quantification of temporal steering can be viewed as a weaker measure of direct cause and can be used to distinguish between direct cause and common cause in a quantum network.

We describe temporally correlated noise processes that influence the idle evolution of a superconducting transmon qubit. To model the composite qubit-environment system we use quantum circuit theory, and we show how a circuit Hamiltonian can be derived for transverse noise affecting the qubit. Based on the time-convolutionless projection operator method, we construct a time-local master equation which, when transformed to its canonical Lindblad form, exhibits a decay rate that is negative at all times, corresponding to eternally non-Markovian dynamics. By expressing the solution of the master equation in the Kraus representation, we identify two crucial non-Markovian phenomena: periodic revivals of coherence, and the appearance of additional frequencies far from the qubit frequency in the precession of the qubit state. When a single qubit gate acts on the qubit state, these extra frequency terms rotate undesirably and they effectively act as the memory of the state prior to the rotation around the Bloch sphere.

We study bipartite and multipartite correlations of several coupled qubits within a common non-Markovian bath using the hierarchy equation method. This method does not use the rotating-wave and Born–Markovian approximations. The interaction between the qubits and their coupling strength with the bath have remarkable influence on the dynamics of quantum correlations. The entanglement sudden death (ESD) phenomenon, the amount of stationary state concurrence and spin squeezing can be controled by the non-Markovianity of the environment and interactions between qubits. These properties may be useful for purposes of quantum information processing with multiqubit system in non-Markovian environments.

Abstract A key step on the road map to solid‐state quantum information processing (and to a deeper understanding of many counterintuitive aspects of quantum mechanics) is the generation and manipulation of nonclassical correlations between different quantum systems. Within this framework, we analyze the possibility of generating maximally entangled states in a system of two superconducting flux qubits, as well as the effectof their own environments on the entanglement dynamics. The analysis reported here confirms that the phenomena of sudden birth and sudden death of the entanglement do not depend on the particular measure of the entanglement adopted (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

We present a detailed study on the dynamics of two-qubit correlations in non-Markovian environments, applying the hierarchy equations approach. This treatment is free from the limitation of perturbative, Markovian or rotating wave approximations. It is shown that crossovers and sudden changes in the classical and quantum correlations can appear when the strength of the interaction between qubits is gradually reduced. For some special initial states, there are even sudden transitions between the classical and quantum correlations.