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arXiv:2504.19214 · Physical Review A

Rapid passage to ordered states in Rydberg-atom arrays

Liang Zeng, Fei Zhu, Li Chen, Heng Shen

Published Oct 9, 2025• 0 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Given a finite lifetime, a ubiquitous challenge in quantum systems is how to prepare a target state in the shortest possible time. This issue is particularly relevant for Rydberg-atom arrays in optical tweezers, where the dephasing time is typically restricted to a few microseconds. In this work, we develop a rapid passage to ordered many-body states in a Rydberg-atomic chain, which allows the transition of the system to various ordered phases in the phase diagram, such as the ${\mathrm{Z}}_{2}$-, ${\mathrm{Z}}_{3}$-, and ${\mathrm{Z}}_{4}$-ordered antiferromagnetic states. Our scheme ramps the parameter in a ``nonadiabatic to quasi-adiabatic to nonadiabatic (NQN)'' manner. The NQN configuration significantly reduces the time cost required for the state preparation using entirely adiabatic methods and is generally applicable to a sizable number of atoms. Moreover, we experimentally validate the NQN scheme on the neutral-atom quantum cloud computer Aquila.

DOI
10.1103/ctwz-rhdv

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Given a finite lifetime, a ubiquitous challenge in quantum systems is how to prepare a target state in the shortest possible time. This issue is particularly relevant for Rydberg-atom arrays in optical tweezers, where the dephasing time is typically restricted to a few microseconds. In this work, we develop a rapid passage to ordered many-body states in a Rydberg-atomic chain, which allows the transition of the system to various ordered phases in the phase diagram, such as the Z2{\mathrm{Z}}_{2}Z2​-, Z3{\mathrm{Z}}_{3}Z3​-, and Z4{\mathrm{Z}}_{4}Z4​-ordered antiferromagnetic states. Our scheme ramps the parameter in a ``nonadiabatic to quasi-adiabatic to nonadiabatic (NQN)'' manner. The NQN configuration significantly reduces the time cost required for the state preparation using entirely adiabatic methods and is generally applicable to a sizable number of atoms. Moreover, we experimentally validate the NQN scheme on the neutral-atom quantum cloud computer Aquila.
We examine the adiabatic preparation of spatially-ordered Rydberg excitations of atoms in finite one-dimensional lattices by frequency-chirped laser pulses, as realized in a number of recent experiments simulating quantum Ising model. Our aims are to unravel the microscopic mechanism of the phase transition from the unexcited state of atoms to the antiferromagnetic-like state of Rydberg excitations by traversing an extended gapless phase, and to estimate the preparation fidelity of the target state in a moderately sized system amenable to detailed numerical analysis. We find that, in the basis of the bare atomic states, the system climbs the ladder of Rydberg excitations predominantly along the strongest-amplitude paths towards the final ordered state. We show that, despite its complexity, the interacting many-body system can be described as an effective two-level system involving a pair of lowest-energy instantaneous collective eigenstates of the time-dependent Hamiltonian. The final preparation fidelity of the target state can then be well approximated by the Landau-Zener formula, while the nonadiabatic population leakage during the passage can be estimated using a perturbative approach applied to the instantaneous collective eigenstates.
Continuously replenished optical tweezer arrays will unlock unlimited-depth quantum circuits with neutral atom qubits. A key bottleneck limiting the cycle time of these systems is removing atoms from tweezers initially loaded with more than one atom. In the conventional technique of light-assisted collisions, slow collisional dynamics limit the timescale for removing excess atoms to several milliseconds. Here, we propose and demonstrate a scheme for selectively removing one atom at a time from multiply occupied tweezers on a microsecond timescale, using intra-tweezer Rydberg blockade and autoionization. We demonstrate the protocol in 171^{171}171Yb in two complementary regimes. With two-photon Rydberg excitation from the ground state, we reduce multi-atom probability to 1% in 64.8 μμμs, while retaining single atoms in 58.2(2)% of the tweezers, which is comparable to the filling fraction achieved with light-assisted collisions under the same experimental conditions, but over two orders of magnitude faster. With single-photon excitation from the metastable state 3P0^3P_03P0​, reduced single-atom loss enables a higher filling fraction of 74.8(3)%, at the cost of additional temporal overhead to prepare the atoms in 3P0^3P_03P0​. The final filling fraction is limited by an unexplained two-body loss mechanism, which, if solved, could enable fast, quasi-deterministic loading.
Continuously replenished optical tweezer arrays will unlock unlimited-depth quantum circuits with neutral atom qubits. A key bottleneck limiting the cycle time of these systems is removing atoms from tweezers initially loaded with more than one atom. In the conventional technique of light-assisted collisions, slow collisional dynamics limit the timescale for removing excess atoms to several milliseconds. Here, we propose and demonstrate a scheme for selectively removing one atom at a time from multiply occupied tweezers on a microsecond timescale, using intra-tweezer Rydberg blockade and autoionization. We demonstrate the protocol in Yb 171 in two complementary regimes. With two-photon Rydberg excitation from the ground state, we reduce the multi-atom probability to 1% in 64.8 μ s , while retaining single atoms in 58.2 ( 2 ) % of the tweezers, which is comparable to the filling fraction achieved with light-assisted collisions under the same experimental conditions, but over two orders of magnitude faster. With single-photon excitation from the metastable state P 0 3 , reduced single-atom loss enables a higher filling fraction of 74.8 ( 3 ) % , at the cost of additional temporal overhead to prepare the atoms in P 0 3 . The final filling fraction is limited by an unexplained two-body loss mechanism, which, if solved, could enable fast, quasi-deterministic loading.
We examine the adiabatic preparation of spatially ordered Rydberg excitations of atoms in finite one-dimensional lattices by frequency-chirped laser pulses, as realized in a number of recent experiments simulating quantum Ising model. Our aims are to unravel the microscopic mechanism of the phase transition from the unexcited state of atoms to the antiferromagneticlike state of Rydberg excitations by traversing an extended gapless phase and to estimate the preparation fidelity of the target state in a moderately sized system amenable to detailed numerical analysis. We show that, despite its complexity, the interacting many-body system can be described as an effective two-level system involving a pair of lowest-energy instantaneous collective eigenstates of the time-dependent Hamiltonian. The final preparation fidelity of the target state can then be well approximated by the Landau-Zener formula, while the nonadiabatic population leakage during the passage can be estimated using a perturbative approach applied to the instantaneous collective eigenstates.
We present a novel protocol for implementing quantum gates between distant atomic qubits connected by an array of neutral atoms that play the role of a quantum bus. The protocol is based on adiabatically transferring the atoms in the array to an antiferromagnetic-like state of Rydberg excitations using chirped laser pulses. Upon exciting and deexciting the atoms in the array under the blockage of nearest neighbors, depending on the state of the two qubits, the system acquires a conditional geometric π -phase, while the dynamical phase cancels exactly, even when the atomic positions are disordered but nearly frozen in time, which requires sufficiently low temperatures. With experimentally relevant parameters, using smooth pulses minimizing the Rydberg-state decay and nonadiabatic errors, we obtain the gate times of 2– 3 µ s and gate fidelities of 0.99–0.98 for a pair of atoms separated by L = 20 – 30 µ m and connected by a quantum bus of several (three to six) atoms. Optimizing the pulses, we can obtain faster gates exhibiting even better fidelities than those with smooth adiabatic pulses.
Arrays of ultracold neutral atoms, also known as Rydberg atom arrays, are rapidly developing into a powerful and versatile platform for quantum simulation. However, theoretical predictions about the bulk quantum phases of matter present in these systems have often diverged from experimental realizations on finite-sized arrays due to the strong effects of the boundaries. Here we propose a general, experimentally straightforward strategy to mitigate the effects of the boundaries and thus enable finite-sized arrays to stabilize bulk-like quantum order. Our scheme makes use of the properties of the ubiquitous disordered phase in Rydberg systems, driving the boundaries into an unbiased set of configurations that depend on the bulk physics. We numerically demonstrate the efficacy of this protocol in one- and two-dimensional systems on both ordered and critical phases.