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arXiv:2504.18102

Controlled quantum secure remote sensing

M. T. Rahim, Saif M. Al-Kuwari, Mahmood Irtiza Hussain, Asad Ali

Published Apr 25, 2025• 0 citations
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Abstract

Quantum resources enable secure quantum sensing (SQS) of remote systems, offering significant advantages in precision and security. However, decoherence in the quantum communication channel and during the evolution of quantum states can erode these advantages. In this work, we first propose a general $N-$particle scheme that achieves Heisenberg-limited (HL) scaling for single-parameter estimation in the presence of an ideal quantum communication channel and encoding scenario. For non-ideal dynamics, we introduce a modified protocol incorporating local quantum optimal control (QOC) operations to address noise in SQS under generalized Pauli dephasing and parallel dephasing noise. We analyze two distinct scenarios: a noiseless communication channel with noisy evolution, and a noisy communication channel with noisy evolution. For the noisy channel, we model the link between the communicating parties as a depolarizing channel. The protocol leverages QOC operations to actively mitigate noise, enhancing the achievable quantum Fisher information (QFI) and the classical Fisher information (CFI) based on the chosen measurement strategy.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.2504.18102

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Quantum resources enable secure quantum sensing (SQS) of remote systems, offering significant advantages in precision and security. However, decoherence in the quantum communication channel and during the evolution of quantum states can erode these advantages. In this work, we first propose a general N−N-N−particle scheme that achieves Heisenberg-limited (HL) scaling for single-parameter estimation in the presence of an ideal quantum communication channel and encoding scenario. For non-ideal dynamics, we introduce a modified protocol incorporating local quantum optimal control (QOC) operations to address noise in SQS under generalized Pauli dephasing and parallel dephasing noise. We analyze two distinct scenarios: a noiseless communication channel with noisy evolution, and a noisy communication channel with noisy evolution. For the noisy channel, we model the link between the communicating parties as a depolarizing channel. The protocol leverages QOC operations to actively mitigate noise, enhancing the achievable quantum Fisher information (QFI) and the classical Fisher information (CFI) based on the chosen measurement strategy.
Quantum optimal control (QOC) schemes can be employed to enhance the sensitivity of quantum metrology (QM) protocols undergoing Markovian noise, which can limit their precision to a standard quantum limit (SQL)-like scaling. In this paper, we propose a QOC scheme for QM that leverages entanglement and optimized coupling interactions with an ancillary system to provide enhanced metrological performance under general Markovian dynamics. We perform a comparative analysis of our entanglement-enhanced scheme against the unentangled scheme conventionally employed in QOC-enabled QM for varying evolution times and decoherence levels, revealing that the entanglement-enhanced scheme enables significantly better noise performance, even when a noisy ancilla is employed. We further extend our investigation to time-inhomogeneous noise models, specifically focusing on a noisy frequency estimation scenario within a spin-boson bath, and evaluate the protocol's performance under completely dissipative and dephasing dynamics. Our findings indicate that, in certain situations, schemes employing coherent control of a single particle are severely limited. In such cases, employing the entanglement-enhanced scheme can provide improved performance.
Quantum secure metrology protocols harness quantum effects to probe remote systems with enhanced precision and security. Traditional QSM protocols require multi-partite entanglement, which limits its near-term implementation due to technological constraints. This paper proposes a QSM scheme that employs Bell pairs to provide unconditional security while offering precision scaling beyond the standard quantum limit. We provide a detailed comparative performance analysis of our proposal under multiple attacks. We found that the employed controlled encoding strategy is far better than the parallel encoding of multi-partite entangled states with regard to the secrecy of the parameter. We also identify and characterize an intrinsic trade-off relationship between the maximum achievable precision and security under the limited availability of resources. The dynamic scalability of the proposed protocol makes it suitable for large-scale network sensing scenarios.
Abstract Quantum teleportation exemplifies how the transmission of quantum information starkly differs from that of classical information and serves as a key protocol for quantum communication and quantum computing. While an ideal teleportation protocol requires noiseless quantum channels to share a pure maximally entangled state, the reality is that shared entanglement is often severely degraded due to various decoherence mechanisms. Although the quantum noise induced by the decoherence is indeed a major obstacle to realizing a near-term quantum network or processor with a limited number of qubits, the methodologies considered thus far to address this issue are resource-intensive. Here, we demonstrate a protocol that allows optimal quantum teleportation via noisy quantum channels without additional qubit resources. By analyzing teleportation in the framework of generalized quantum measurement, we optimize the teleportation protocol for noisy quantum channels. In particular, we experimentally demonstrate that our protocol enables to teleport an unknown qubit even via a single copy of an entangled state under strong decoherence that would otherwise preclude any quantum operation. Our work provides a useful methodology for practically coping with decoherence with a limited number of qubits and paves the way for realizing noisy intermediate-scale quantum computing and quantum communication.
We establish general limits on how precise a parameter, e.g. frequency or the strength of a magnetic field, can be estimated with the aid of full and fast quantum control. We consider uncorrelated noisy evolutions of N qubits and show that fast control allows to fully restore the Heisenberg scaling (~1/N^2) for all rank-one Pauli noise except dephasing. For all other types of noise the asymptotic quantum enhancement is unavoidably limited to a constant-factor improvement over the standard quantum limit (~1/N) even when allowing for the full power of fast control. The latter holds both in the single-shot and infinitely-many repetitions scenarios. However, even in this case allowing for fast quantum control helps to increase the improvement factor. Furthermore, for frequency estimation with finite resource we show how a parallel scheme utilizing any fixed number of entangled qubits but no fast quantum control can be outperformed by a simple, easily implementable, sequential scheme which only requires entanglement between one sensing and one auxiliary qubit.
We show that quantum advantage in distributed sensing can be achieved with noisy quantum networks that only distribute noisy entangled states. We derive a closed-form expression of the quantum Fisher information (QFI) for estimating the average of local parameters using Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger-diagonal probe states, a representative distributed sensing scenario. From the QFI, we obtain the necessary condition to achieve quantum advantage over the optimal local sensing strategy, which can also serve as an optimization-free entanglement detection criterion for multipartite states. We further explore the impacts from imperfect local entanglement generation and local measurement constraint, and our results imply that the quantum advantage is more robust against quantum network imperfections than local operation errors. Notably, these implications still hold when we explicitly consider dephasing during the sensing dynamics. Our results significantly advance the understanding of the achievability of quantum advantage in noisy distributed sensing. They also offer practical guidance for real-world implementation of quantum sensor networks.
Quantum metrology aims to enhance the precision of various measurement tasks by taking advantages of quantum properties. In many scenarios, precision is not the sole target; the acquired information must be protected once it is generated in the sensing process. Considering a remote sensing scenario where a local site performs cooperative sensing with a remote site to collect sensitive information at the remote site, the loss of sensing data inevitably causes sensitive information to be revealed. Quantum key distribution is known to be a reliable solution for secure data transmission; however, it fails if an eavesdropper accesses the sensing data generated at a remote site. In this study we demonstrate that, by sharing entanglement between local and remote sites, secure quantum remote sensing can be realized, and the secure level is characterized by asymmetric Fisher information gain. Concretely, only the local site can acquire the estimated parameter accurately with Fisher information approaching 1. In contrast, the accessible Fisher information for an eavesdropper is nearly zero even if he or she obtains the raw sensing data at the remote site. This achievement is primarily due to the nonlocal calibration and control of the probe state at the remote site. Our results explore one significant advantage of ``quantumness'' and extend the notion of quantum metrology to the security realm.