Ensuring the quality of quantum programs is increasingly important; however, traditional static analysis techniques are insufficient due to the unique characteristics of quantum computing. Quantum-specific linting tools, such as LintQ, have been developed to detect quantum-specific programming problems; however, they typically rely on manually crafted analysis queries. The manual effort required to update these tools limits their adaptability to evolving quantum programming practices. To address this challenge, this study investigates the feasibility of employing Large Language Models (LLMs) to develop a novel linting technique for quantum software development and explores potential avenues to advance linting approaches. We introduce LintQ-LLM, an LLM-based linting tool designed to detect quantum-specific problems comparable to those identified by LintQ. Through an empirical comparative study using realworld Qiskit programs, our results show that LintQ-LLM is a viable solution that complements LintQ, with particular strengths in problem localization, explanation clarity, and adaptability potential for emerging quantum programming frameworks, thus providing a basis for further research. Furthermore, this study discusses several research opportunities for developing more advanced, adaptable, and feedback-aware quantum software quality assurance methods by leveraging LLMs.
Ensuring the quality of quantum programs is increasingly important; however, traditional static analysis techniques are insufficient due to the unique characteristics of quantum computing. Quantum-specific linting tools, such as LintQ, have been developed to detect quantum-specific programming problems; however, they typically rely on manually crafted analysis queries. The manual effort required to update these tools limits their adaptability to evolving quantum programming practices. To address this challenge, this study investigates the feasibility of employing Large Language Models (LLMs) to develop a novel linting technique for quantum software development and explores potential avenues to advance linting approaches. We introduce LintQ-LLM, an LLM-based linting tool designed to detect quantum-specific problems comparable to those identified by LintQ. Through an empirical comparative study using realworld Qiskit programs, our results show that LintQ-LLM is a viable solution that complements LintQ, with particular strengths in problem localization, explanation clarity, and adaptability potential for emerging quantum programming frameworks, thus providing a basis for further research. Furthermore, this study discusses several research opportunities for developing more advanced, adaptable, and feedback-aware quantum software quality assurance methods by leveraging LLMs.
As quantum computing transitions from theoretical experimentation to its practical application, the reliability of quantum software has become a critical bottleneck. Traditional static analysis techniques for quantum programs, primarily rule-based linters, are increasingly inadequate; they struggle to keep pace with rapidly evolving APIs and fail to capture complex, context-dependent quantum programming problems. This results in high maintenance overhead and limited detection capabilities. In this paper, we introduce LintQ-LLM+CoT and LintQ-LLM+RAG, novel approaches that redefine the detection of quantum programming problems by employing Large Language Models (LLMs) specialized, respectively, via Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting and a Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) system that grounds the model's reasoning in a curated knowledge base of verified quantum programming problems and best practices. We conducted a rigorous and manual comparative evaluation against the state-of-the-art rule-based tool, LintQ, using a corpus of 55 Qiskit programs. Our results show that LLM-based approaches, with and without RAG, outperform LintQ in terms of quantum programming problems detection correctness (precision) and completeness (recall). Overall, LLM-based approaches were more effective than LintQ (F1-score equal to 0.70 and 0.68 vs. 0.41). Furthermore, the RAG-enhanced variant demonstrated a slightly superior precision, effectively reducing false positives. Our findings suggest that LLMs provide a scalable and adaptive foundation for the next generation of linters in quantum software engineering.
As quantum computing is rising in popularity, the amount of quantum programs and the number of developers writing them are increasing rapidly. Unfortunately, writing correct quantum programs is challenging due to various subtle rules developers need to be aware of. Empirical studies show that 40–82% of all bugs in quantum software are specific to the quantum domain. Yet, existing static bug detection frameworks are mostly unaware of quantum-specific concepts, such as circuits, gates, and qubits, and hence miss many bugs. This paper presents LintQ, a comprehensive static analysis framework for detecting bugs in quantum programs. Our approach is enabled by a set of abstractions designed to reason about common concepts in quantum computing without referring to the details of the underlying quantum computing platform. Built on top of these abstractions, LintQ offers an extensible set of ten analyses that detect likely bugs, such as operating on corrupted quantum states, redundant measurements, and incorrect compositions of sub-circuits. We apply the approach to a newly collected dataset of 7,568 real-world Qiskit-based quantum programs, showing that LintQ effectively identifies various programming problems, with a precision of 91.0% in its default configuration with the six best performing analyses. Comparing to a general-purpose linter and two existing quantum-aware techniques shows that almost all problems (92.1%) found by LintQ during our evaluation are missed by prior work. LintQ hence takes an important step toward reliable software in the growing field of quantum computing.
Code Large Language Models (Code LLMs) have emerged as powerful tools, revolutionizing the software development landscape by automating the coding process and reducing time and effort required to build applications. This paper focuses on training Code LLMs to specialize in the field of quantum computing. We begin by discussing the unique needs of quantum computing programming, which differ significantly from classical programming approaches or languages. A Code LLM specializing in quantum computing requires a foundational understanding of quantum computing and quantum information theory. However, the scarcity of available quantum code examples and the rapidly evolving field, which necessitates continuous dataset updates, present significant challenges. Moreover, we discuss our work on training Code LLMs to produce high-quality quantum code using the Qiskit library. This work includes an examination of the various aspects of the LLMs used for training and the specific training conditions, as well as the results obtained with our current models. To evaluate our models, we have developed a custom benchmark, similar to HumanEval, which includes a set of tests specifically designed for the field of quantum computing programming using Qiskit. Our findings indicate that our model outperforms existing state-of-the-art models in quantum computing tasks. We also provide examples of code suggestions, comparing our model to other relevant code LLMs. Finally, we introduce a discussion on the potential benefits of Code LLMs for quantum computing computational scientists, researchers, and practitioners. We also explore various features and future work that could be relevant in this context.
Large Language Models (LLMs) have already reshaped many aspects of traditional software engineering, from code generation and debugging to automated testing and maintenance. As an important research sub-domain in the software engineering area, quantum software engineering (QSE) is poised to undergo a similar transformation. As QSE moves toward broader adoption, including the generation of quantum code, program testing, and automated program repair, LLMs will likely play a key supporting role in its development. However, despite encouraging early attempts, the community still lacks a roadmap for using LLMs in QSE. Without such a roadmap, opportunities may be missed, challenges may remain unrevealed, and risks may be overlooked. In this article, we present our vision for how LLMs can advance QSE, focusing on four core tasks: program modeling and analysis, program generation, testing, and repair. We outline the opportunities and unique challenges, identify the risks inherent in this integration, and propose a research agenda to guide the community toward realizing the full potential of LLM-powered QSE.
Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed as quantum coding copilots, assisting researchers by generating complex programs for frameworks such as Qiskit, PennyLane, and OpenQASM. However, accurately evaluating the practical utility of these models remains a significant challenge. Existing benchmarks are highly fragmented, ranging from syntax-centric unit tests to simulator- and hardware-aware metrics, making results difficult to compare across different languages and hardware targets. To address this fragmentation, this paper systematically reviews recent evaluation suites and post-training methodologies for quantum code generation. We distill current evaluation criteria into four practical dimensions: syntax and API validity, semantic and physical correctness, resource and hardware feasibility, and execution-based feedback. Building upon these dimensions, we present a unified taxonomy that maps current benchmarks to emerging model adaptation techniques, specifically retrieval-augmented generation (RAG), fine-tuning, multi-agent workflows, and reinforcement learning (RL). Our analysis highlights a clear shift: moving away from prompt-only baselines and toward agentic workflows driven by quantum-verifiable rewards. This shift directly targets the semantic gap between superficially compilable code and physically executable quantum programs. In addition, we identify key research opportunities-such as standardized semantic metrics and integration with quantum error correction-aimed at fostering a more reproducible, verifiable, and hardware-grounded ecosystem for automated quantum software development.
Abstract Quantum computing is steadily transitioning from theoretical exploration to experimental deployment, bringing with it distinct engineering challenges. This shift has led to the emergence of Quantum Software Engineering (QSE), a research area that adapts and extends software engineering principles to the quantum domain. In parallel, Large Language Models (LLMs) have become widely adopted in classical software development workflows. Although their potential to assist QSE tasks is increasingly discussed, existing evidence remains fragmented across research venues and practitioner sources. This study presents a Multivocal Literature Review that systematically synthesizes peer-reviewed and grey literature to characterize how LLMs are used in QSE and assess their reported limitations. We identified and analyzed 24 primary sources, mapped their contributions onto the quantum software development lifecycle, examined the distribution of adopted LLM families, and synthesized recurring limitations. The results show that LLM adoption in QSE is predominantly code-centric, with most studies focusing on program synthesis, repair, and refactoring, while lifecycle phases such as requirements engineering, architectural reasoning, and comprehensive validation receive limited attention. Reported challenges include semantic inaccuracies, execution failures on real quantum backends, sensitivity to prompt formulation, and limited domain coverage. Moreover, the empirical landscape is largely shaped by proprietary models, raising concerns regarding reproducibility and longitudinal comparability. Overall, current evidence suggests that LLMs function primarily as assistive tools for bounded tasks rather than as robust, lifecycle-spanning engineering agents in quantum software development.