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arXiv:2504.05031 · Optics Letters

Analog phase-sensitive time-reversal of optically carried radiofrequency signals

Thomas Llauze, Anne Louchet-Chauvet

Published Jun 24, 2025• 2 citations
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Abstract

Achieving low-latency time-reversal of broadband radiofrequency signals is crucial for reliable communications in dynamic, uncontrolled environments. However, existing approaches are either digitally assisted-making broadband extension challenging-or limited to amplitude modulation. In this work, we report the very first, to our knowledge, experimental realization of a fully analog, phase-preserving time-reversal architecture for optically carried radiofrequency signals. The method exploits the exceptional coherence properties of rare-earth ion-doped materials and leverages the well-established photon echo mechanism, widely used in quantum technologies. While our demonstration is conducted with a modest bandwidth, we identify the fundamental cause of this limitation and propose solutions for future scalability.

DOI
10.1364/ol.564207

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Achieving low-latency time-reversal of broadband radiofrequency signals is crucial for reliable communications in dynamic, uncontrolled environments. However, existing approaches are either digitally assisted-making broadband extension challenging-or limited to amplitude modulation. In this work, we report the very first, to our knowledge, experimental realization of a fully analog, phase-preserving time-reversal architecture for optically carried radiofrequency signals. The method exploits the exceptional coherence properties of rare-earth ion-doped materials and leverages the well-established photon echo mechanism, widely used in quantum technologies. While our demonstration is conducted with a modest bandwidth, we identify the fundamental cause of this limitation and propose solutions for future scalability.
The time-reversal (TR) protocol we implement in an erbium-doped YSO crystal is based on photon echoes but avoids the storage of the signal to be processed. Unlike other approaches implying digitizing or highly dispersive optical fibers, the proposed scheme reaches the μs range and potentially offers high bandwidth, both required for RADAR applications. In this Letter, we demonstrate faithful reversal of arbitrary pulse sequences with 6 μs duration and 10 MHz bandwidth. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of TR via linear filtering in a programmable material.
Cette thèse porte sur le développement d’une architecture analogique optique innovante pour le retournement temporel de signaux radiofréquence, exploitant les propriétés uniques d'un cristal dopé aux ions de terre rare. L'architecture étudiée est dérivée d'une séquence d’écho de photons à trois impulsions, et offre la capacité de retourner des signaux modulés en amplitude et en phase.La mise en oeuvre de cette architecture pour des signaux large bande a nécessité le développement d'une source laser agile, capable de réaliser des balayages en fréquence à la fois très rapides et précis. A partir d'une source laser commerciale agile mais peu précise, nous avons conçu une méthode permettant de corriger efficacement les excursions en fréquence. Cette méthode est compatible avec des balayages rapides mais aussi avec un fonctionnement à fréquence fixe. Nous avons ainsi démontré des balayages arbitraires (jusqu'à 300 MHz en 330 ns) avec une erreur relative de l'ordre du MHz tout en conservant une excellente stabilité à fréquence fixe avec une largeur de raie de 30 kHz.Cependant, une analyse approfondie du processus de formation des échos de photon a mis en évidence des lois d’échelle fondamentales limitant l'amplitude des échos lors du retournement temporel de signaux à large bande. De plus, nous avons identifié la diffusion spectrale instantanée (ISD), un mécanisme de décohérence lié à l'excitation massive des ions de terre rare, comme un facteur majeur de limitation des performances du retournement temporel. Malgré ces contraintes, nous avons réussi à retourner un signal modulé en amplitude atteignant un produit temps-bande passante record de P = 280. La durée des signaux traités a été portée à plusieurs microsecondes, mais la bande passante obtenue reste modeste avec 32.5 MHz en raison de la dégradation des échos provoquée par les lois d'échelle et l'ISD. Néanmoins, la stabilité en phase démontrée ouvre la voie au retournement de signaux modulés en phase, un critère essentiel pour des applications de refocalisation en milieu complexe.
Rare-earth ions doped in crystals are renowned for their excellent coherence properties and large inhomogeneous broadening, which make them ideal for quantum interfaces with broadband photons. These properties have made them one of the leading technologies in quantum optical memories and a promising candidate for optical-to-microwave conversion. To take advantage of the full bandwidth of the rare-earth ensemble, one must overcome the decoherence of a broadband collective excitation due to inhomogeneous broadening. To this end, techniques based on controllable rephasing, such as atomic frequency comb (AFC) or controlled reversible inhomogeneous broadening (CRIB) memories, have been developed with great success. Recently, an alternative method was proposed to suppress the decoherence of an inhomogeneous ensemble via strong coupling to a cavity, a phenomenon called cavity protection. This technique has been demonstrated in the microwave domain with an NV spin ensemble, but has not been demonstrated in the optical domain. Here, we demonstrate cavity protection in the optical domain at the single photon level using an ensemble of rare earths ions coupled to a nanophotonic resonator. The reduction in decoherence due to the cavity-protection effect enables transfer of ultrafast (~50 GHz) frequency qubits into the collective ion excitation and retrieval with 98.7% fidelity. Building on these results to transfer these excitations to long-lived spin states would enable broadband, on-demand quantum memories. Furthermore, this works compliments the work done coupling rare-earths to superconducting resonators in the microwave regime with potential for applications in optical-to-microwave transducers.
Quantum light-matter interfaces that reversibly map the quantum state of photons onto the quantum states of atoms, are essential components in the quantum engineering toolbox with applications in quantum communication, computing, and quantum-enabled sensing. In this talk I present our progress towards developing on-chip quantum light-matter interfaces based on nanophotonic resonators fabricated in rare-earth-doped crystals known to exhibit the longest optical and spin coherence times in the solid state. We recently demonstrated coherent control of neodymium (Nd3+) ions coupled to yttrium orthosilicate Y2SiO5 (YSO) photonic crystal nano-beam resonator. The coupling of the Nd3+ 883 nm 4I9/2-4F3/2 transition to the nano-resonator results in a 40 fold enhancement of the transition rate (Purcell effect), and increased optical absorption (~80%) - adequate for realizing efficient optical quantum memories via cavity impedance matching. Optical coherence times T2 up to 100 μs with low spectral diffusion were measured for ions embedded in photonic crystals, which are comparable to those observed in unprocessed bulk samples. This indicates that the remarkable coherence properties of REIs are preserved during nanofabrication process. Multi-temporal mode photon storage using stimulated photon echo and atomic frequency comb (AFC) protocols were implemented in these nano-resonators. Our current technology can be readily transferred to Erbium (Er) doped YSO devices, therefore opening the possibility of efficient on-chip optical quantum memory at 1.5 μm telecom wavelength. Integration with superconducting qubits can lead to devices for reversible quantum conversion of optical photons to microwave photons.
Rare earth ions have exceptionally long coherence times, making them an excellent candidate for quantum information processing. A key part of this processing is quantum state transfer. We demonstrate that high fidelity quantum state transfer between two ensembles of rare earth ions can be achieved by time reversing the connecting optical quantum channel, and suggest using a gradient echo memory to perform this time reversal. We demonstrate that the superradiant coupling between the ensemble of ions and an intermediate cavity coupled to the optical channel can lead to higher transfer fidelities than would otherwise be possible with an individual ion. We suggest increasing the size of the ensemble can overcome unwanted loss and decoherence processes that reduce the transfer fidelity.