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arXiv:2504.01578 · APS Open Science

Entanglement in the symmetric subspace: Mapping multipartite to bipartite states

Carlo Marconi, Satoya Imai

Published May 18, 2026• 0 citations
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Abstract

We propose a technique to investigate multipartite entanglement in the symmetric subspace. Our approach is to map an N -qubit symmetric state onto a bipartite symmetric state of higher local dimension. We show that this mapping preserves separability and allows to characterize the entanglement of the original multipartite state. In particular, we establish a connection between the border rank and the Schmidt rank, and derive lower bounds on entanglement measures. Finally, we reveal the existence of entangled symmetric subspaces, where all bipartite states are entangled.

DOI
10.1103/6g5t-hlsr

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We propose a technique to investigate multipartite entanglement in the symmetric subspace. Our approach is to map an N -qubit symmetric state onto a bipartite symmetric state of higher local dimension. We show that this mapping preserves separability and allows to characterize the entanglement of the original multipartite state. In particular, we establish a connection between the border rank and the Schmidt rank, and derive lower bounds on entanglement measures. Finally, we reveal the existence of entangled symmetric subspaces, where all bipartite states are entangled.
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From both theoretical and experimental points of view symmetric states constitute an important class of multipartite states. Still, entanglement properties of these states, in particular those with positive partial transposition (PPT), lack a systematic study. Aiming at filling in this gap, we have recently affirmatively answered the open question of existence of four-qubit entangled symmetric states with PPT and thoroughly characterized entanglement properties of such states [J. Tura et al., Phys. Rev. A 85, 060302(R) (2012)]. With the present contribution we continue on characterizing PPT entangled symmetric states. On the one hand, we present all the results of our previous work in a detailed way. On the other hand, we generalize them to systems consisting of an arbitrary number of qubits. In particular, we provide criteria for separability of such states formulated in terms of their ranks. Interestingly, for most of the cases, the symmetric states are either separable or typically separable. Then, edge states in these systems are studied, showing in particular that to characterize generic PPT entangled states with four and five qubits, it is enough to study only those that assume few (respectively, two and three) specific configurations of ranks. Finally, we numerically search for extremal PPT entangled states in such systems consisting of up to 23 qubits. One can clearly notice regularity behind the ranks of such extremal states, and, in particular, for systems composed of odd numbers of qubits we find a single configuration of ranks for which there are extremal states.
We introduce a family of highly symmetric bipartite quantum states in arbitrary dimensions. It consists of all states that are invariant under local phase rotations and local cyclic permutations of the basis. We solve the separability problem for a subspace of these states and show that a sizable part of the family is bound entangled. We also calculate some of the Schmidt numbers for the family in d=3d=3d=3, thereby characterizing the dimensionality of entanglement. Our results allow us to estimate entanglement properties of arbitrary states, as general states can be symmetrized to the considered family by local operations.
More than a century after the seminal work of Schmidt and with all the enthusiasm that have surrounded entanglement ever since the controversial EPR paper, it remains an open challenge to determine whether a given state possesses entanglement or not. The problem is even more difficult if one considers the entanglement among more than two parties, i.e. multipartite entanglement. In the following we first introduce the concept of multipartite entanglement and discuss what it means to quantify the entanglement of a given state. We then introduce a class of multiqubit states, called X-states, and find an algebraic formula for the multipartite entanglement of such states. We show that using this formula one can find a lower bound for the entanglement of any multiqubit state. We then explore the connection between the entanglement and purity in multiqubit states. In the fourth chapter, we introduce a geometrical measure of entanglement and quantify it for the set of GHZ-diagonal states. These are states that can be written as a convex sum of completely bit-flipped states. Using these results we can develop an upper and a lower bound for the entanglement of any density matrix. In the final chapter we survey some of the insights that can be developed using the results of the preceding chapters. We first explore the decay of entanglement in a decoherence scenario where each qubit is experiences decay through an amplitude damping channel, and finally we make a proposal to preserve and control multipartite entanglement through the phenomenon of collapse and revival.
We study Schmidt rank for a vector (i.e., a pure state) and Schmidt number for a mixed state which are entanglement measures. We show that if a subspace of a certain bipartite system contains no vector of Schmidt rank ⩽k\leqslant k⩽k, then any state supported on that space has Schmidt number at least k+1k+1k+1. A construction of subspace of Cm⊗Cn\mathbb{C}^m \otimes \mathbb{C}^nCm⊗Cn of maximal dimension, which does not contain any vector of Schmidt rank less than 333, is given here.