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arXiv:2504.00086 · The European Physical Journal Plus

Quantum information meets high-energy physics: input to the update of the European strategy for particle physics

Y. Afik, F. Fabbri, Matthew Low, Luca Marzola, J. A. Aguilar–Saavedra, Mohammad Mahdi Altakach, Nedaa Alexandra Asbah, Yang Bai A, Hannah Banks, Alan J. Barr, Alexander Bernal, Thomas E. Browder, Paweł Caban, J.A. Casas, Kun Cheng, F. Déliot, R. Demina, ANTONIO DI DOMENICO, Michał Eckstein, Marco E. Fabbrichesi, Benjamin Fuks E, Emidio Gabrielli A, Dorival Gonçalves, R. P. Grabarczyk, Michele Grossi, Tao Han, T. J. Hobbs, Paweł Horodecki, J. Howarth, S.-C. Hsu, S. Jiggins, E. Jones, Andreas W. Jung, Andrea Helen Knue, S. Korn, T. Lagouri, Priyanka Lamba, Gabriel Teixeira Landi, H. Li, Qiang Li, Ian Low, Fabio Maltoni, Josh A. McFayden, Navin McGinnis, Roberto A. Morales, Jesús M. Moreno, Juan Ramón Muñoz de Nova, Giulia Negro, Davide Pagani, Giovanni Pelliccioli, Michele Pinamonti, L. Pintucci, Baptiste Ravina, Alim Ruzi, Kazuki Sakurai, E. L. Simpson, Maximiliano Sioli, Shufang Su C, Sokratis Trifinopoulos, Sven E. Vahsen, Sofia Vallecorsa, A. Vicini, M. Vos, Eleni Vryonidou, Chris D. White, Martin J. White, Andrew James Wildridge, Tong Arthur Wu, Laura Zani, Yulei Zhang, Knut Zoch

Published Sep 9, 2025• 34 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Some of the most astonishing and prominent properties of Quantum Mechanics, such as entanglement and Bell nonlocality, have only been studied extensively in dedicated low-energy laboratory setups. The feasibility of these studies in the high-energy regime explored by particle colliders was only recently shown and has gathered the attention of the scientific community. For the range of particles and fundamental interactions involved, particle colliders provide a novel environment where quantum information theory can be probed, with energies exceeding by about 12 orders of magnitude those employed in dedicated laboratory setups. Furthermore, collider detectors have inherent advantages in performing certain quantum information measurements and allow for the reconstruction of the state of the system under consideration via quantum state tomography. Here, we elaborate on the potential, challenges, and goals of this innovative and rapidly evolving line of research and discuss its expected impact on both quantum information theory and high-energy physics.

DOI
10.1140/epjp/s13360-025-06752-9

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One of the most notable aspects of quantum systems is that their components can exhibit correlations much stronger than those allowed by classical physics. Two examples of quantum correlations are quantum entanglement and Bell nonlocality, but generally there is a hierarchy of many types of quantum correlations. Among these correlations, Bell nonlocality holds a special place because it plays a dual role in distinguishing theories where local realism is a valid description. A Bell test, which is a test of local realism, typically needs to be augmented with assumptions to address possible loopholes in the experimental setup. In this work, we study Bell tests in experiments in which the detector reports the correct outcome with a specified probability. This mirrors the situation at high-energy colliders, where particle spins are not measured directly but inferred from the angular distributions of their decay products. We show that, in this setup, a test of local realism is not possible. Quantum correlations, however, are still present, measurable, and informative in high-energy colliders. These correlations are the building blocks of the interesting, developing quantum information science program at high-energy colliders. The measurements of entanglement by the ATLAS and CMS experiments are the first steps in this initiative.
Some of the biggest achievements of the modern era of particle physics, such as the discovery of the Higgs boson, have been made possible by the tremendous effort in building and operating large-scale experiments like the Large Hadron Collider or the Tevatron. In these facilities, the ultimate theory to describe matter at the most fundamental level is constantly probed and verified. These experiments often produce large amounts of data that require storing, processing, and analysis techniques that often push the limits of traditional information processing schemes. Thus, the High-Energy Physics (HEP) field has benefited from advancements in information processing and the development of algorithms and tools for large datasets. More recently, quantum computing applications have been investigated in an effort to understand how the community can benefit from the advantages of quantum information science. In this manuscript, we provide an overview of the state-of-the-art applications of quantum computing to data analysis in HEP, discuss the challenges and opportunities in integrating these novel analysis techniques into a day-to-day analysis workflow, and whether there is potential for a quantum advantage.
Abstract This review explores the interplay between quantum information theory and high-energy physics, emphasizing how decoherence effects and unconventional neutrino oscillation patterns may unveil fundamental properties such as the Dirac or Majorana nature of neutrinos and potential CPT violation. It further discusses the use of entanglement measures as novel probes of axion-mediated interactions, outlining interdisciplinary strategies to test the limits of the Standard Model and explore new physics beyond it.