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arXiv:2503.23531

Quantum-enhanced sensing of photonic modes with cat states

Zheng, Xiao-Wei, Jun-Cong Zheng, Xue‐Feng Pan, Fuli Li

Published Mar 30, 2025• 0 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Quantum coherence is critical resource for applications in quantum technology, among which quantum-enhanced sensing represents a typical example.Compared with quantum metrology with entangled states of multiple qubits, bosonic interferometers have the advantage of being hardware-effcient, enabled by exploiting the high-dimensional Hilbert space of a bosonic mode.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.2503.23531

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Quantum coherence is critical resource for applications in quantum technology, among which quantum-enhanced sensing represents a typical example.Compared with quantum metrology with entangled states of multiple qubits, bosonic interferometers have the advantage of being hardware-effcient, enabled by exploiting the high-dimensional Hilbert space of a bosonic mode.
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Abstract Two-mode interferometers lay the foundations for quantum metrology. Instead of exploring quantum entanglement in the two-mode interferometers, a single bosonic mode also promises a measurement precision beyond the shot-noise limit (SNL) by taking advantage of the infinite-dimensional Hilbert space of Fock states. Here, we demonstrate a single-mode phase estimation that approaches the Heisenberg limit (HL) unconditionally. Due to the strong dispersive nonlinearity and long coherence time of a microwave cavity, quantum states of the form (∣0⟩+∣N⟩)/2\left( {\left| 0 \right\rangle + \left| N \right\rangle } \right)/\sqrt 2(∣0⟩+∣N⟩)/2​ 0 + N ∕ 2 can be generated, manipulated and detected with high fidelities, leading to an experimental phase estimation precision scaling as ∼N−0.94. A 9.1 dB enhancement of the precision over the SNL at N = 12 is achieved, which is only 1.7 dB away from the HL. Our experimental architecture is hardware efficient and can be combined with quantum error correction techniques to fight against decoherence, and thus promises quantum-enhanced sensing in practical applications.
The aim of quantum sensing is to develop quantum methods to extract the maximum amount of information from a system with minimal disturbance upon it. Indeed, the possibility of performing precision measurements by adopting quantum resources can increase the achievable precision going beyond the semiclassical regime of operation. However the quantum states suitable for quantum metrology protocols, result extremely fragile under losses and decoherence, unavoidable in experimental implementations, destroying completely quantum benefits. This scenario puts the beating of realistic, noisy environments as the main challenge in developing quantum sensing.
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