A fundamental problem in quantum information is to understand the operational significance of quantum resources. Quantum resource theories (QRTs) provide a powerful theoretical framework that aids in the analysis and comprehension of the operational meaning of these resources. Early resource theories primarily focused on analyzing static quantum resources. Recently, interest in the study of dynamic quantum resources has been growing. In this paper, we utilize superchannel theory to describe the dynamic resource theory of quantum coherence. In this dynamic resource theory, we treat classical channels as free channels and consider two classes of free superchannels that preserve channel incoherence [maximally incoherent superchannels (MISCs) and dephasing-covariant incoherent superchannels (DISCs)] as free resources. We regard the quantum Fourier transform as the golden unit of dynamic coherence resources. We first establish the one-shot theory of dynamic coherence cost and dynamic coherence distillation, which involves converting the quantum Fourier transform into an arbitrary quantum channel using MISCs and DISCs. Next, we introduce a class of free superchannels known as $\ensuremath{\delta}$-MISCs, which asymptotically generate negligible dynamic coherence. Finally, we provide upper and lower bounds for the one-shot catalytic dynamic coherence cost of quantum channels under the action of these $\ensuremath{\delta}$-MISC superchannels.
A fundamental problem in quantum information is to understand the operational significance of quantum resources. Quantum resource theories (QRTs) provide a powerful theoretical framework that aids in the analysis and comprehension of the operational meaning of these resources. Early resource theories primarily focused on analyzing static quantum resources. Recently, interest in the study of dynamic quantum resources has been growing. In this paper, we utilize superchannel theory to describe the dynamic resource theory of quantum coherence. In this dynamic resource theory, we treat classical channels as free channels and consider two classes of free superchannels that preserve channel incoherence [maximally incoherent superchannels (MISCs) and dephasing-covariant incoherent superchannels (DISCs)] as free resources. We regard the quantum Fourier transform as the golden unit of dynamic coherence resources. We first establish the one-shot theory of dynamic coherence cost and dynamic coherence distillation, which involves converting the quantum Fourier transform into an arbitrary quantum channel using MISCs and DISCs. Next, we introduce a class of free superchannels known as \ensuremathδ-MISCs, which asymptotically generate negligible dynamic coherence. Finally, we provide upper and lower bounds for the one-shot catalytic dynamic coherence cost of quantum channels under the action of these \ensuremathδ-MISC superchannels.
We show that the dynamic resource theory of quantum entanglement can be formulated using the superchannel theory. In this formulation, we identify the separable channels and the class of free superchannels that preserve channel separability as free resources, and choose the swap channels as dynamic entanglement golden units. Our first result is that the one-shot dynamic entanglement cost of a bipartite quantum channel under the free superchannels is bounded by the standard log-robustness of channels. The one-shot distillable dynamic entanglement of a bipartite quantum channel under the free superchannels is found to be bounded by a resource monotone that we construct from the hypothesis-testing relative entropy of channels with minimization over separable channels. We also address the one-shot catalytic dynamic entanglement cost of a bipartite quantum channel under a larger class of free superchannels that could generate the dynamic entanglement which is asymptotically negligible; it is bounded by the generalized log-robustness of channels.
We develop a general framework for higher-order quantum resources that treats the resourcefulness of quantum states, channels, and supermaps (also called processes) in a unified manner. By generalizing well-established concepts from resource theories of states and channels, we introduce and study supermap resource monotones and supermap distillation and dilution. As free supermaps, we consider free networks (supermaps that can be implemented with free channels), compatible supermaps (sets of supermaps closed under arbitrary composition), and maximally free superchannels. Specializing to approximate channel-to-channel conversions, we show that under mild assumptions, the conversion error with respect to the diamond distance and the worst-case infidelity coincide. We then apply the general framework to resource theories of dynamical coherence, where we establish the existence of largest sets of compatible supermaps. By characterizing these sets with semidefinite constraints, we show that they are strictly larger than the corresponding free networks but do not contain all maximally free superchannels. We finish by investigating the operational differences of these sets in one-shot channel distillation and dilution, providing solutions for both tasks in the parallel setting and for dilution in the adaptive setting.
Manipulation and quantification of quantum resources are fundamental problems in quantum physics. In the asymptotic limit, coherence distillation and dilution have been proposed by manipulating infinite identical copies of states. In the nonasymptotic setting, finite data-size effects emerge, and the practically relevant problem of coherence manipulation using finite resources has been left open. This Letter establishes the one-shot theory of coherence dilution, which involves converting maximally coherent states into an arbitrary quantum state using maximally incoherent operations, dephasing-covariant incoherent operations, incoherent operations, or strictly incoherent operations. We introduce several coherence monotones with concrete operational interpretations that estimate the one-shot coherence cost-the minimum amount of maximally coherent states needed for faithful coherence dilution. Furthermore, we derive the asymptotic coherence dilution results with maximally incoherent operations, incoherent operations, and strictly incoherent operations as special cases. Our result can be applied in the analyses of quantum information processing tasks that exploit coherence as resources, such as quantum key distribution and random number generation.
The resource theory of quantum coherence is an important topic in quantum information science. Standard coherence distillation and dilution problems have been thoroughly studied. In this paper, we introduce and study the problem of one-shot coherence distillation with catalysts. In order to distill more coherence from a state of interest, a catalytic system can be involved and a jointly free operation is applied to both systems. The joint output state should be a maximally coherent state in tensor product with the unchanged catalysts, with some allowable fidelity error. We consider several different definitions of this problem. First, with a small fidelity error in both systems, we show that, even via the smallest free operation class (physically implementable incoherent operations), the distillable coherence of any state with no restriction on the catalysts is infinite, which is a ``coherence embezzling phenomenon.'' We then define and calculate a lower bound for the distillable coherence when the dimension of catalysts is restricted. Finally, in consideration of physical relevance, we define the ``perfect catalysts'' scenario where the catalysts are required to be pure and precisely unchanged. Interestingly, we show that in this setting catalysts basically provide no advantages in pure state distillation via incoherent operations and strictly incoherent operations under certain smoothing restriction. Our work enhances the understanding of catalytic effect in quantum resource theory.
Abstract Any quantum resource theory is based on free states and free operations, i.e. states and operations which can be created and performed at no cost. In the resource theory of coherence free states are diagonal in some fixed basis, and free operations are those which cannot create coherence for some particular experimental realization. Recently, some problems of this approach have been discussed, and new sets of operations have been proposed to resolve these problems. We propose here the framework of genuine quantum coherence. This approach is based on a simple principle: we demand that a genuinely incoherent operation preserves all incoherent states. This framework captures coherence under additional constrains such as energy preservation and all genuinely incoherent operations are incoherent regardless of their particular experimental realization. We also introduce the full class of operations with this property, which we call fully incoherent. We analyze in detail the mathematical structure of these classes and also study possible state transformations. We show that deterministic manipulation is severely limited, even in the asymptotic settings. In particular, this framework does not have a unique golden unit, i.e. there is no single state from which all other states can be created deterministically with the free operations. This suggests that any reasonably powerful resource theory of coherence must contain free operations which can potentially create coherence in some experimental realization.
Any quantum resource theory is based on free states and free operations, i.e., states and operations which can be created and performed at no cost. In the resource theory of coherence free states are diagonal in some fixed basis, and free operations are those which cannot create coherence for some particular experimental realization. Recently, some problems of this approach have been discussed, and new sets of operations have been proposed to resolve these problems. As an example for such a problem, a quantum operation can be incoherent in one particular experimental realization, but it still can create large amount of coherence in another. This problem is resolved by the framework of genuine quantum coherence. Here, we investigate this concept further and study other more general sets of operations which cannot create coherence in any experimental realization. We analyze in detail the mathematical structure of this class of maps and use this to study possible state transformations under these operations. We show that deterministic manipulation is severely limited, even in the asymptotic settings. In particular, this framework does not have a unique golden unit, i.e., there is no single state from which all other states can be created deterministically with the free operations. On the other hand, we show that these theories allow for a richer structure in what comes to stochastic manipulation of states. In particular, we determine the optimal probability of conversion among pure states with genuinely incoherent operations. Still, the aforementioned limitations suggest that any reasonably powerful resource theory of coherence must contain free operations which can potentially create coherence in some experimental realization.