Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

arXiv:2502.06731 · Physical Review Letters

Exact Nonequilibrium Steady State of X X Z Circuits Boundary Driven with Arbitrary Resets or Fields

Vladislav Popkov, Tomaž Prosen

Published Jul 14, 2025• 3 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We propose a spatially inhomogeneous matrix product Ansatz for an exact many-body density operator of a boundary-driven XXZ quantum circuit. The Ansatz has formally infinite bond dimension and is fundamentally different from previous constructions. The circuit is driven by a pair of reset quantum channels applied on the boundary qubits, which polarize the qubits to arbitrary pure target states. Moreover, one of the reset channels can be replaced by an arbitrary local unitary gate, thus representing a hybrid case with coherent and incoherent driving. Analyzing the Ansatz, we obtain a family of relatively robust separable nonequilibrium steady states, which can be viewed as a circuit extension of spin-helix states and are particularly suited for experimental investigations.

DOI
10.1103/31p7-lcgh

Related papers

Exact nonequilibrium steady states of boundary driven circuit with XYZ gates

Xin Zhang, Tomaz Prosen, Vladislav Popkov

We obtain the exact many-body density operator of a boundary-driven XXZ quantum circuit via a spatially inhomogeneous matrix product Ansatz. The Ansatz has formally infinite bond-dimension and generalizes authors' previous construction \cite{2025XXZcircuit} for the XXZ interactions. The boundary qubits are coupled to reset quantum channels that project them toward arbitrary pure target states. We find and describe a family of relatively robust separable chiral nonequilibrium steady states (NESS), which are elliptic analogs of spin helices for the circuit, and which are particularly attractive from an experimental perspective.

quant-pharXiv:2605.17018•Physical Review Research•May 19, 2026•0 citations

Exact Matrix Product Solution for the Boundary-Driven Lindblad XXZ Chain

Dragi Karevski, Vladislav Popkov, Gunter Markus Schutz

We demonstrate that the exact nonequilibrium steady state of the one-dimensional Heisenberg XXZ spin chain driven by boundary Lindblad operators can be constructed explicitly with a matrix product ansatz for the nonequilibrium density matrix where the matrices satisfy a quadratic algebra. This algebra turns out to be related to the quantum algebra U(q)[SU(2)]. Coherent state techniques are introduced for the exact solution of the isotropic Heisenberg chain with and without quantum boundary fields and Lindblad terms that correspond to two different completely polarized boundary states. We show that this boundary twist leads to nonvanishing stationary currents of all spin components. Our results suggest that the matrix product ansatz can be extended to more general quantum systems kept far from equilibrium by Lindblad boundary terms.

arXiv:1211.7010•Physical Review Letters•Jan 24, 2013•162 citations

Inhomogeneous matrix product ansatz and exact steady states of boundary-driven spin chains at large dissipation

Vladislav Popkov, Tomaž Prosen, Lenart Zadnik

We find novel site-dependent Lax operators in terms of which we demonstrate exact solvability of a dissipatively driven XYZ spin-1/2 chain in the Zeno limit of strong dissipation, with jump operators polarizing the boundary spins in arbitrary directions. We write the corresponding nonequilibrium steady state using an inhomogeneous matrix product ansatz, where the constituent matrices satisfy a simple set of linear recurrence relations. Although these matrices can be embedded into an infinite-dimensional auxiliary space, we have verified that they cannot be simultaneously put into a tridiagonal form, not even in the case of axially symmetric (XXZ) bulk interactions and general nonlongitudinal boundary dissipation. We expect our results to have further fundamental applications for the construction of nonlocal integrals of motion for the open XYZ model with arbitrary boundary fields, or the eight-vertex model.

arXiv:1905.09273•Physical review. E•Apr 20, 2020•20 citations

Boundary-driven XYZ chain: Inhomogeneous triangular matrix product ansatz

Vladislav Popkov, Xin Zhang, Tomaž Prosen

We construct an explicit matrix product ansatz for the steady state of a boundary driven XYZ spin-$\frac{1}{2}$ chain for arbitrary local polarizing channels at the ends of the chain. The ansatz, where the Lax operators are written explicitly in terms of infinite-dimensional bidiagonal (triangular) site-dependent matrices, becomes exact either in the (Zeno) limit of infinite dissipation strength or the thermodynamic limit of infinite chain length. The solution is based on an extension of the recently discovered family of separable eigenstates of the model.

arXiv:2112.05616•Physical review. B./Physical review. B•Jun 9, 2022•7 citations

Matrix product solutions of boundary driven quantum chains

Tomaž Prosen

We review recent progress on constructing non-equilibrium steady state density operators of boundary driven locally interacting quantum chains, where driving is implemented via Markovian dissipation channels attached to the chain's ends. We discuss explicit solutions in three different classes of quantum chains, specifically, the paradigmatic (anisotropic) Heisenberg spin- chain, the Fermi–Hubbard chain, and the Lai–Sutherland spin-1 chain, and discuss universal concepts which characterize these solutions, such as matrix product ansatz and a more structured walking graph state ansatz. The central theme is the connection between the matrix product form of nonequilibrium states and the integrability structures of the bulk Hamiltonian, such as the Lax operators and the Yang–Baxter equation. However, there is a remarkable distinction with respect to the conventional quantum inverse scattering method, namely addressing nonequilibrium steady state density operators requires non-unitary irreducible representations of Yang–Baxter algebra which are typically of infinite dimensionality. Such constructions result in non-Hermitian, and often also non-diagonalisable families of commuting transfer operators which in turn result in novel conservation laws of the integrable bulk Hamiltonians. For example, in the case of the anisotropic Heisenberg model, quasi-local conserved operators which are odd under spin reversal (or spin flip) can be constructed, whereas the conserved operators stemming from orthodox Hermitian transfer operators (via logarithmic differentiation) are all even under spin reversal.

arXiv:1504.00783•Journal of Physics A Mathematical and Theoretical•Aug 19, 2015•136 citations

Comments on a boundary-driven openXXZchain: asymmetric driving and uniqueness of steady states

Tomaž Prosen

In this paper, we provide two extensions of recent explicit results on the matrix-product ansatz for the non-equilibrium steady state of a Markovian boundary-driven anisotropic Heisenberg XXZ spin-1/2 chain. We write a perturbative solution for the steady-state density matrix in the system–bath coupling for an arbitrary (asymmetric) set of four spin-flip rates at the two chain ends, generalizing the symmetric-driving ansatz of Prosen (2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 106 217206). Furthermore, we generalize the exact (non-perturbative) form of the steady state for just two Lindblad channels (spin-up flipping on the left and spin-down flipping on the right) to an arbitrary (asymmetric) ratio of the spin-flipping rates (Prosen 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 107 137201). In addition, we also indicate a simple proof of the uniqueness of our steady states.

arXiv:1205.3126•Physica Scripta•Oct 19, 2012•46 citations
We propose a spatially inhomogeneous matrix product Ansatz for an exact many-body density operator of a boundary-driven XXZ quantum circuit. The Ansatz has formally infinite bond dimension and is fundamentally different from previous constructions. The circuit is driven by a pair of reset quantum channels applied on the boundary qubits, which polarize the qubits to arbitrary pure target states. Moreover, one of the reset channels can be replaced by an arbitrary local unitary gate, thus representing a hybrid case with coherent and incoherent driving. Analyzing the Ansatz, we obtain a family of relatively robust separable nonequilibrium steady states, which can be viewed as a circuit extension of spin-helix states and are particularly suited for experimental investigations.
We obtain the exact many-body density operator of a boundary-driven XXZ quantum circuit via a spatially inhomogeneous matrix product Ansatz. The Ansatz has formally infinite bond-dimension and generalizes authors' previous construction \cite{2025XXZcircuit} for the XXZ interactions. The boundary qubits are coupled to reset quantum channels that project them toward arbitrary pure target states. We find and describe a family of relatively robust separable chiral nonequilibrium steady states (NESS), which are elliptic analogs of spin helices for the circuit, and which are particularly attractive from an experimental perspective.
We demonstrate that the exact nonequilibrium steady state of the one-dimensional Heisenberg XXZ spin chain driven by boundary Lindblad operators can be constructed explicitly with a matrix product ansatz for the nonequilibrium density matrix where the matrices satisfy a quadratic algebra. This algebra turns out to be related to the quantum algebra U(q)[SU(2)]. Coherent state techniques are introduced for the exact solution of the isotropic Heisenberg chain with and without quantum boundary fields and Lindblad terms that correspond to two different completely polarized boundary states. We show that this boundary twist leads to nonvanishing stationary currents of all spin components. Our results suggest that the matrix product ansatz can be extended to more general quantum systems kept far from equilibrium by Lindblad boundary terms.
We find novel site-dependent Lax operators in terms of which we demonstrate exact solvability of a dissipatively driven XYZ spin-1/2 chain in the Zeno limit of strong dissipation, with jump operators polarizing the boundary spins in arbitrary directions. We write the corresponding nonequilibrium steady state using an inhomogeneous matrix product ansatz, where the constituent matrices satisfy a simple set of linear recurrence relations. Although these matrices can be embedded into an infinite-dimensional auxiliary space, we have verified that they cannot be simultaneously put into a tridiagonal form, not even in the case of axially symmetric (XXZ) bulk interactions and general nonlongitudinal boundary dissipation. We expect our results to have further fundamental applications for the construction of nonlocal integrals of motion for the open XYZ model with arbitrary boundary fields, or the eight-vertex model.
We construct an explicit matrix product ansatz for the steady state of a boundary driven XYZ spin-12\frac{1}{2}21​ chain for arbitrary local polarizing channels at the ends of the chain. The ansatz, where the Lax operators are written explicitly in terms of infinite-dimensional bidiagonal (triangular) site-dependent matrices, becomes exact either in the (Zeno) limit of infinite dissipation strength or the thermodynamic limit of infinite chain length. The solution is based on an extension of the recently discovered family of separable eigenstates of the model.
We review recent progress on constructing non-equilibrium steady state density operators of boundary driven locally interacting quantum chains, where driving is implemented via Markovian dissipation channels attached to the chain's ends. We discuss explicit solutions in three different classes of quantum chains, specifically, the paradigmatic (anisotropic) Heisenberg spin- chain, the Fermi–Hubbard chain, and the Lai–Sutherland spin-1 chain, and discuss universal concepts which characterize these solutions, such as matrix product ansatz and a more structured walking graph state ansatz. The central theme is the connection between the matrix product form of nonequilibrium states and the integrability structures of the bulk Hamiltonian, such as the Lax operators and the Yang–Baxter equation. However, there is a remarkable distinction with respect to the conventional quantum inverse scattering method, namely addressing nonequilibrium steady state density operators requires non-unitary irreducible representations of Yang–Baxter algebra which are typically of infinite dimensionality. Such constructions result in non-Hermitian, and often also non-diagonalisable families of commuting transfer operators which in turn result in novel conservation laws of the integrable bulk Hamiltonians. For example, in the case of the anisotropic Heisenberg model, quasi-local conserved operators which are odd under spin reversal (or spin flip) can be constructed, whereas the conserved operators stemming from orthodox Hermitian transfer operators (via logarithmic differentiation) are all even under spin reversal.
In this paper, we provide two extensions of recent explicit results on the matrix-product ansatz for the non-equilibrium steady state of a Markovian boundary-driven anisotropic Heisenberg XXZ spin-1/2 chain. We write a perturbative solution for the steady-state density matrix in the system–bath coupling for an arbitrary (asymmetric) set of four spin-flip rates at the two chain ends, generalizing the symmetric-driving ansatz of Prosen (2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 106 217206). Furthermore, we generalize the exact (non-perturbative) form of the steady state for just two Lindblad channels (spin-up flipping on the left and spin-down flipping on the right) to an arbitrary (asymmetric) ratio of the spin-flipping rates (Prosen 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 107 137201). In addition, we also indicate a simple proof of the uniqueness of our steady states.