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arXiv:2502.03534 · Physical Review Letters

Many-Body Non-Hermitian Skin Effect with Exact Steady States in the Dissipative Quantum Link Model

Yu-Min Hu, Zijian Wang, Biao Lian, Zhong Wang

Published Nov 21, 2025• 8 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

We introduce a dissipative lattice gauge model that exhibits the many-body version of the non-Hermitian skin effect. The dissipative couplings between dynamical gauge fields on the lattice links and the surrounding environment generate chiral motions of particles residing on lattice sites. Despite the complexity arising from many-body interactions, the local gauge symmetry enables the exact construction of a steady state that displays the many-body non-Hermitian skin effect. Furthermore, our approach can be generalized to realize a new type of many-body non-Hermitian skin effect, dubbed the hierarchical skin effect, where different subsystem degrees of freedom exhibit boundary accumulation of multiple moments at different orders. Our findings can be readily observed by engineering dissipation in state-of-the-art lattice gauge simulators.

DOI
10.1103/wztw-l8wg

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We introduce a dissipative lattice gauge model that exhibits the many-body version of the non-Hermitian skin effect. The dissipative couplings between dynamical gauge fields on the lattice links and the surrounding environment generate chiral motions of particles residing on lattice sites. Despite the complexity arising from many-body interactions, the local gauge symmetry enables the exact construction of a steady state that displays the many-body non-Hermitian skin effect. Furthermore, our approach can be generalized to realize a new type of many-body non-Hermitian skin effect, dubbed the hierarchical skin effect, where different subsystem degrees of freedom exhibit boundary accumulation of multiple moments at different orders. Our findings can be readily observed by engineering dissipation in state-of-the-art lattice gauge simulators.
We study an atom-cavity hybrid system where fermionic atoms in a one-dimensional lattice are subject to a cavity-induced dynamic gauge potential. The gauge coupling leads to highly degenerate steady states in which the fermions accumulate to one edge of the lattice under an open boundary condition. Such a phenomenon originates from the many-body Liouvillian superoperator of the system, which, being intrinsically non-Hermitian, is unstable against boundary perturbations and manifests the non-Hermitian skin effect. Contrary to the single-body case, the steady state of a multiatom system is approached much slower under the open boundary condition, as the long-time damping of the cavity mode exhibits distinct rates at different times. This stagewise slowdown is attributed to the competition between light-assisted hopping and the dynamic gauge coupling, which significantly reduces the steady-state degeneracy under the open boundary condition, as distinct hosts of quasisteady states dominate the dynamics at different timescales.
The non-Hermitian skin effect describes the phenomenon of exponential localization of single-particle eigenstates near the boundary of the system. We consider its generalization to the many-body regime by investigating a general class of interacting fermion lattice models in Markovian open quantum systems. Therein, the elementary excitations from the "vacuum" (steady state) are given by two types of dissipative fermionic modes composed of single-fermion operators, which govern the long-time nonequilibrium dynamics. We perturbatively calculate the self-energy matrix of these bare modes in the presence of interactions, and utilize the non-Bloch band theory to derive an exact integral representation. By imposing complex momentum conservation, we obtain a simplified expression for corrections to Liouvillian spectrum that agrees well with numerical calculations to high precision. We further perform perturbative analysis of Liouvillian eigenstates and identify signatures of interaction-enhanced NHSE at the quasiparticle level, manifested as renormalization of the generalized Brillouin zone. Our results establish a diagrammatic framework for dissipative interacting fermions with non-Hermitian skin effect in a description of full-fledged Lindblad master equations, which resembles Fermi liquid theory in terms of interaction-dressed quasiparticles.
In this Letter, we investigate the fate of the non-Hermitian skin effect in one-dimensional systems that conserve the dipole moment and higher moments of an associated global U(1) charge. Motivated by field theoretical arguments and lattice model calculations, we demonstrate that the key feature of the non-Hermitian skin effect for m-pole conserving systems is the generation of an (m+1)th multipole moment. For example, in contrast to the conventional skin effect where charges are anomalously localized at one boundary, the dipole-conserving skin effect results in charges localized at both boundaries, in a configuration that generates an extremal quadrupole moment. In addition, we explore the dynamical consequences of the m-pole skin effect, focusing on charge and entanglement propagation. Both numerically and analytically, we provide evidence that long-time steady states have Fock-space localization and an area-law scaling of entanglement entropy, which serve as quantum indicators of the skin effect.
The non-Hermitian skin effect, in which eigenstates of non-Hermitian Hamiltonians are localized at one boundary in the open boundary condition, has attracted great interest recently. In this paper, we investigate the skin effect in one-dimensional dissipative quantum many-body systems, which we call the Liouvillian skin effect (LSE). We rigorously identify the existence of the LSE for generalized boundary conditions by solving the Liouvillian superoperator of an exactly solvable model with the advantage of the Bethe ansatz. The LSE is sensitive to boundary conditions where the signature is reflected in eigenfunctions of the system. We confirm that the LSE is fragile to a tiny coflow boundary hopping with non-Hermitian current but can survive a counterflow boundary hopping in the thermodynamic limit. Our work provides a prototypical example of exactly solvable dissipative quantum many-body lattice systems exhibiting the LSE for generalized boundary conditions. It can be further extended to other integrable open quantum many-body models.
Abstract Local constraint in lattice gauge theory provides an exotic mechanism inducing disorder-free localization. However, the nonequilibrium dynamics in the non-Hermition lattice gauge model has not been well understood. Here, we investigate the quench dynamics of spinless fermions with nonreciprocal hopping in the ℤ2 gauge field formed from the bond spins. Based on the effective model from duality mapping, the non-Hermitian skin effect, disorder-free localization-delocalization transition, and the real-complex transition of eigenenergies are explored systematically. By identifying the diverse scaling behaviors of quantum mutual information for fermions and spins, we predict that the non-Hermition quantum disentangled liquid presents both in localized and delocalized phase with completely different physical nature, the first comes from the ℤ2 gauge field and the second originates from the non-Hermitian skin effect. We finally show that the nonreciprocal dissipation of fermions leads the quantum information flowing from the fermions to spins. Our results provide new insights to the nonequilibrium dynamics in the gauge field, and can be experimentally verified using ultracold atoms in optical lattices.
We propose a novel type of skin effects in non-Hermitian quantum many-body systems that we dub a "non-Hermitian Mott skin effect." This phenomenon is induced by the interplay between strong correlations and the non-Hermitian point-gap topology. The Mott skin effect induces extreme sensitivity to the boundary conditions only in the spin degree of freedom (i.e., the charge distribution is not sensitive to boundary conditions), which is in sharp contrast to the ordinary non-Hermitian skin effect in noninteracting systems. Concretely, we elucidate that a bosonic non-Hermitian chain exhibits the Mott skin effect in the strongly correlated regime by closely examining an effective Hamiltonian. The emergence of the Mott skin effect is also supported by numerical diagonalization of the bosonic chain. The difference between the ordinary non-Hermitian skin effect and the Mott skin effect is also reflected in the time evolution of physical quantities; under the time evolution spin accumulation is observed while the charge distribution remains spatially uniform.