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arXiv:2501.15218

Construction of new type of CNOT gate using cross-resonance pulse in the transmon-PPQ system

Jeongsoo Kang, Younghun Kwon

Published Jan 25, 2025• 0 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

The transmon, known for its fast operation time and the coherence time of tens of microseconds, is the most commonly used qubit for superconducting quantum processors. However, it is still necessary to enhance the coherence time and the gate fidelity of superconducting quantum processors for the practical implementation of fault-tolerant quantum computing. Meanwhile, a novel superconducting qubit, which has the ability to protect the Cooper-pair parity on the superconducting island, has been proposed. This new qubit shows better coherence performance than the transmon, but it does not yet have an efficient method for realizing a superconducting hybrid system that harnesses it. In this work, we show how to implement a new type of CNOT gate in a superconducting hybrid system composed of tunable transmon and parity-protected qubit by applying a cross-resonance pulse. First, we provide hardware specifications and pulse parameters to construct a successful two-qubit gate in the hybrid system. Second, we show that our method can supply a CNOT gate of average fidelity with more than 0.998. Therefore, our work implies that the hybrid system may provide a new platform for quantum computers.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.2501.15218

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The transmon, known for its fast operation time and the coherence time of tens of microseconds, is the most commonly used qubit for superconducting quantum processors. However, it is still necessary to enhance the coherence time and the gate fidelity of superconducting quantum processors for the practical implementation of fault-tolerant quantum computing. Meanwhile, a novel superconducting qubit, which has the ability to protect the Cooper-pair parity on the superconducting island, has been proposed. This new qubit shows better coherence performance than the transmon, but it does not yet have an efficient method for realizing a superconducting hybrid system that harnesses it. In this work, we show how to implement a new type of CNOT gate in a superconducting hybrid system composed of tunable transmon and parity-protected qubit by applying a cross-resonance pulse. First, we provide hardware specifications and pulse parameters to construct a successful two-qubit gate in the hybrid system. Second, we show that our method can supply a CNOT gate of average fidelity with more than 0.998. Therefore, our work implies that the hybrid system may provide a new platform for quantum computers.
The transmon, which has a short gate time and remarkable scalability, is the most commonly utilized superconducting qubit, based on the Cooper pair box as a qubit or coupler in superconducting quantum computers. Lattice and heavy-hexagon structures are well-known large-scale configurations for transmon-based quantum computers that classical computers cannot simulate. These structures share a common feature: a resonator coupler that connects two transmon qubits. Although significant progress has been made in implementing quantum error correction and quantum computing using quantum error mitigation, fault-tolerant quantum computing remains unachieved due to the inherent vulnerability of these structures. This raises the question of whether the transmon-resonator-transmon structure is the best option for constructing a transmon-based quantum computer. To address this, we demonstrate that the average fidelity of CNOT gates can exceed 0.98 in a structure where a resonator coupler mediates the coupling of three transmon qubits. This result suggests that our novel structure could be a key method for increasing the number of connections among qubits while preserving gate performance in a transmon-based quantum computer.
We propose a scalable fluxonium-transmon-fluxonium (FTF) system that utilizes a central transmon to mediate high-fidelity gates and parity checks between two fluxonium qubits without the need for strong non-local interactions. This approach suppresses unwanted long-range interactions, which is critical for developing larger quantum processors. First, we analyze the performance of cross-resonance (CR) CNOT gates between a fluxonium and a transmon. We show that even in the presence of a spectator qubit, these gates maintain high fidelity with coherent errors on the order of 10−510^{-5}10−5. We then demonstrate that these gates, when applied sequentially, enable high-fidelity parity checks and logical fluxonium-fluxonium CNOT gates. In addition, the central transmon can facilitate the readout of the neighboring fluxoniums, consolidating multiple critical functions into a single ancilla. Our work establishes the viability of a dual-species architecture as a promising path toward fault-tolerant quantum computation.
Novel qubits with intrinsic noise protection constitute a promising route for improving the coherence of quantum information in superconducting circuits.However, many protected superconducting qubits exhibit relatively low transition frequencies, which could make their integration with conventional transmon circuits challenging.In this work, we propose and study a scheme for entangling a tunable transmon with a Cooper-pair parity-protected qubit, a paradigmatic example of a low-frequency protected qubit that stores quantum information in opposite Cooper-pair parity states on a superconducting island.By tuning the external flux on the transmon, we show that noncomputational states can mediate a two-qubit entangling gate that preserves the Cooper-pair parity independent of the detailed pulse sequence.Interestingly, the entangling gate bears similarities to a controlled-phase gate in conventional transmon devices.Hence, our results suggest that standard high-precision gate calibration protocols could be repurposed for operating heterogeneous quantum processors.
Superconducting circuits are one of the leading architectures in quantum computing. To undertake quantum computing one must be able to perform quantum gates; however, two-qubit gates are still limited in fidelity and gate time. The cross-resonance gate is a two-qubit gate that uses direct microwave drives and has seen much success in its implementation; but, there are theoretical indications that it has not yet reached the coherence limited fidelity value and its gate time is still relatively long compared with other quantum gate methods. Quantum optimal control theory is a powerful tool in the design of controls for quantum operations and has shown the capability to improve gate fidelities and reduce gate times. Robust quantum optimal control methodologies have further built on this to develop high fidelity quantum gates that are robust to uncertainties and noise in the system. In this thesis we use robust quantum optimal control theory to achieve these goals for the cross-resonance gate in a variety of superconducting qubit architectures. First, we investigate two superconducting qubits embedded in a common 3D microwave cavity in which the control drive is implemented via the common cavity mode of the cavity. We determine pulse shapes that implement the cross-resonance gate that are robust to uncertainty in the qubit transition frequencies for both a strictly two-level superconducting qubit and a three-level qubit. Second, we look at the cross-resonance gate with direct drives on each qubit, finding the minimal time to perform the cross-resonance gate with pulses that are robust to uncertainty in a measured system parameter for three cases: two three-level qubits with no drive crosstalk, two three-level qubits with some drive crosstalk, and two two-level qubits. Lastly, we report on simulations undertaken towards implementing a robust, high fidelity cross-resonance gate in a novel superconducting quantum device known as the coaxmon.
High-fidelity single- and two-qubit gates are essential building blocks for a fault-tolerant quantum computer. While there has been much progress in suppressing single-qubit gate errors in superconducting qubit systems, two-qubit gates still suffer from error rates that are orders of magnitude higher. One limiting factor is the residual ZZ-interaction, which originates from a coupling between computational states and higher-energy states. While this interaction is usually viewed as a nuisance, here we experimentally demonstrate that it can be exploited to produce a universal set of fast single- and two-qubit entangling gates in a coupled transmon qubit system. To implement arbitrary single-qubit rotations, we design a new protocol called the two-axis gate that is based on a three-part composite pulse. It rotates a single qubit independently of the state of the other qubit despite the strong ZZ-coupling. We achieve single-qubit gate fidelities as high as 99.1% from randomized benchmarking measurements. We then demonstrate both a CZ gate and a CNOT gate. Because the system has a strong ZZ-interaction, a CZ gate can be achieved by letting the system freely evolve for a gate time tg=53.8t_g=53.8tg​=53.8 ns. To design the CNOT gate, we utilize an analytical microwave pulse shape based on the SWIPHT protocol for realizing fast, low-leakage gates. We obtain fidelities of 94.6% and 97.8% for the CNOT and CZ gates respectively from quantum progress tomography.
Quantum computing offers the potential to surpass classical computing speeds by leveraging quantum entanglement and superposition. However, progress towards fault-tolerant quantum computers is limited by low qubit counts and considerable gate errors. A promising direction involves transitioning from two-level qubits to d-level qudits, expanding the state space beyond conventional qubit-based quantum computers. The superconducting transmon-tunable coupler-transmon (TTT) system has emerged as a key building block of current quantum processors. Recent demonstration has shown its capability to host three-level qudits (qutrits), including the implementation of qutrit controlled-phase (CPhase) gate via an adiabatic scheme. Despite this progress, further modeling or optimization studies for the qudit-based TTT system are still unexplored. In this work, we propose an integrated simulation framework that predicts the cross-Kerr interactions of the TTT system and the fidelities of two-qutrit CPhase gate with the presence of noise effect. We validate the prediction of the cross-Kerr interactions against data from TTT systems reported in the literature. We also identify the conditions for the maximum target frequency in the adiabatic scheme necessary to achieve higher qutrit CPhase gate fidelity. Furthermore, we demonstrate the control-device co-optimization of the system, showing the potential of achieving the highest gate fidelity allowed by the hardware and noise. This work provides valuable insights which can guide the development towards more reliable and powerful superconducting quantum processors.