Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

arXiv:2501.07844 · IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications

Toward a Hybrid Quantum Differential Privacy

Baobao Song, Shiva Raj Pokhrel, Athanasios V. Vasilakos, Tianqing Zhu, Gang Li

Published May 8, 2025• 7 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Quantum computing offers unparalleled processing power but raises significant data privacy challenges.Quantum Differential Privacy(QDP) leverages inherent quantum noise to safeguard privacy, surpassing traditional DP. This paper develops comprehensive noise profiles, identifies noise types beneficial for QDP, and highlights the need for practical implementations beyond theoretical models. Existing QDP mechanisms, limited to single noise sources, fail to reflect the multi-source noise reality of quantum systems. We propose a resilient hybrid QDP mechanism utilizing channel and measurement noise, optimizing privacy budgets to balance privacy and utility. Additionally, we introduceLifted Quantum Differential Privacy, offering enhanced randomness for improved privacy audits and quantum algorithm evaluation.

DOI
10.1109/jsac.2025.3568046

Related papers

Bridging Quantum Computing and Differential Privacy: Insights into Quantum Computing Privacy

Yusheng Zhao, Hui Zhong, Xinyue Zhang +3 more

While quantum computing has strong potential in data-driven fields, the privacy issue of sensitive or valuable information involved in the quantum algorithm should be considered. Differential privacy (DP), which is a fundamental privacy tool widely used in the classical scenario, has been extended to the quantum domain, i.e., quantum differential privacy (QDP). QDP may become one of the most promising approaches toward privacy-preserving quantum computing since it is not only compatible with classical DP mechanisms but also achieves privacy protection by exploiting unavoidable quantum noise in noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices. This paper provides an overview of the various implementations of QDP and their performance in terms of privacy parameters under the DP setting. Specifically, we propose a taxonomy of QDP techniques, categorizing the literature on whether internal or external randomization is used as a source to achieve QDP and how these implementations are applied to each phase of the quantum algorithm. We also discuss challenges and future directions for QDP. By summarizing recent advancements, we hope to provide a comprehensive, up-to-date review for researchers venturing into this field.

arXiv:2403.09173•IEEE International Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering (QCE)•Sep 15, 2024•5 citations

Controllable Quantum Computing Privacy via Inherent Noises and Quantum Error Mitigation

Keyi Ju, Hui Zhong, Xinyue Zhang +2 more

Quantum computing has revolutionized the approach to solving complex problems and handling vast datasets. However, data leakage in quantum computing may present privacy risks. While differential privacy (DP) has been a classical solution to protect privacy by injecting artificial noises, the implementation of DP within the quantum domain remains an under-explored area. We observe that there is a potential to leverage the inherent noises generated by Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) devices during quantum operations for achieving DP in quantum computing. Given that these inherent noises are uncontrollable, we take the lead to utilize quantum error mitigation (QEM) techniques to manage quantum differential privacy (QDP) protection levels. In our approach, we offer a tangible description of the "closeness" between neighboring quantum datasets and introduce a novel QDP definition based on observables of interest. Our simulations reveal that factors like the distance between neighboring quantum states and the number of circuit executions influence the privacy budget. Notably, by controlling the QEM samples while keeping the number of circuit executions fixed, QEM allows for substantial noise control to meet a desired privacy budget. Furthermore, we extend analysis from single-qubit to multiple qubits and discuss the impact of observables of interest on the privacy budget.

IEEE International Conference on Trust, Security and Privacy in Computing and Communications (TrustCom)•Dec 17, 2024•0 citations

Guaranteeing Privacy in Hybrid Quantum Learning through Theoretical Mechanisms

Hoang M. Ngo, Tre' R. Jeter, Incheol Shin +3 more

Quantum Machine Learning (QML) is becoming increasingly prevalent due to its potential to enhance classical machine learning (ML) tasks, such as classification. Although quantum noise is often viewed as a major challenge in quantum computing, it also offers a unique opportunity to enhance privacy. In particular, intrinsic quantum noise provides a natural stochastic resource that, when rigorously analyzed within the differential privacy (DP) framework and composed with classical mechanisms, can satisfy formal $(\varepsilon, δ)$-DP guarantees. This enables a reduction in the required classical perturbation without compromising the privacy budget, potentially improving model utility. However, the integration of classical and quantum noise for privacy preservation remains unexplored. In this work, we propose a hybrid noise-added mechanism, HYPER-Q, that combines classical and quantum noise to protect the privacy of QML models. We provide a comprehensive analysis of its privacy guarantees and establish theoretical bounds on its utility. Empirically, we demonstrate that HYPER-Q outperforms existing classical noise-based mechanisms in terms of adversarial robustness across multiple real-world datasets.

quant-pharXiv:2602.02364•Feb 3, 2026•0 citations

Tuning Quantum Computing Privacy through Quantum Error Correction

Hui Zhong, Keyi Ju, Manojna Sistla +5 more

Quantum computing is a promising paradigm for efficiently solving large and high-complexity problems. However, ensuring privacy within this quantum computing necessitates innovative approaches. Existing research has introduced the concept of quantum differential privacy (QDP) to protect data privacy in quantum computing by leveraging quantum noise. Yet, this method faces limitations due to the fixed and uncontrollable nature of the inherent noise, which directly affects the privacy budget of QDP. Addressing this critical gap, our study proposes a novel approach that utilizes quantum error correction (QEC) techniques not only to mitigate quantum computing errors but also to adjust QDP protection levels precisely. By selectively applying QEC to single or multiple qubit gates, we introduce a method to manipulate the quantum noise error rate effectively. Moreover, we derive a new formula for calculating the overall error rate in a quantum circuit and the adjusted privacy budget after QEC operation. Through extensive numerical simulations, we validate the efficacy of utilizing QEC in tuning privacy protection levels within quantum computing.

arXiv:2312.14521•Globecom•Dec 8, 2024•3 citations

Quantum Entanglement-Based Differential Privacy

Jincheng Zhang

This paper explores a novel approach to differential privacy utilizing quantum entanglement. Traditional differential privacy relies on adding noise to queries to obscure individual data contributions, a technique often limited by the dimensionality of the data and the potential for sophisticated attacks. We propose encoding data points into entangled qubit states, thereby leveraging the inherent correlations provided by entanglement to achieve stronger privacy guarantees. The core idea involves performing computations on these entangled states, minimizing the need for direct data exposure. Crucially, we introduce a mechanism for carefully calibrating measurement noise, exploiting the unique properties of entanglement to control the privacy loss. Our framework demonstrates the potential to significantly improve privacy levels compared to classical methods, especially when dealing with high-dimensional datasets, offering a new paradigm for privacy-preserving data analysis in the quantum realm. The theoretical analysis presents a novel framework for quantifying privacy loss, considering both the entanglement resource requirements and the calibrated noise levels. This work lays the foundation for future research into quantum-enhanced differential privacy and its implications for secure data processing.

•Sep 5, 2026•0 citations

Differential Privacy Preserving Quantum Computing via Projection Operator Measurements

Yuqing Li, Yusheng Zhao, Xinyue Zhang +3 more

Quantum computing has been widely applied in various fields, such as quantum physics simulations, quantum machine learning, and big data analysis. However, in the domains of data-driven paradigms, ensuring databases privacy. For classical computing, we can incorporate the concept of differential privacy (DP) to meet the standard of privacy preservation by manually adding noise. In quantum computing scenario, researchers have extended classic DP to quantum differential privacy (QDP) by considering quantum noise. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to satisfy the QDP definition by considering the errors generated by the projection operator measurement, which is denoted as shot noise. Then, we discuss the amount of privacy budget that can be achieved with shot noise, which serves as a metric for the level of privacy protection. Furthermore, we provide the QDP of shot noise in quantum circuits with depolarizing noise. Through numerical simulations, we show that shot noise can effectively provide privacy protection in quantum computing.

arXiv:2312.08210•International Conference on Quantum Communications, Networking, and Computing (QCNC)•Jul 1, 2024•4 citations
Quantum computing offers unparalleled processing power but raises significant data privacy challenges.Quantum Differential Privacy(QDP) leverages inherent quantum noise to safeguard privacy, surpassing traditional DP. This paper develops comprehensive noise profiles, identifies noise types beneficial for QDP, and highlights the need for practical implementations beyond theoretical models. Existing QDP mechanisms, limited to single noise sources, fail to reflect the multi-source noise reality of quantum systems. We propose a resilient hybrid QDP mechanism utilizing channel and measurement noise, optimizing privacy budgets to balance privacy and utility. Additionally, we introduceLifted Quantum Differential Privacy, offering enhanced randomness for improved privacy audits and quantum algorithm evaluation.
While quantum computing has strong potential in data-driven fields, the privacy issue of sensitive or valuable information involved in the quantum algorithm should be considered. Differential privacy (DP), which is a fundamental privacy tool widely used in the classical scenario, has been extended to the quantum domain, i.e., quantum differential privacy (QDP). QDP may become one of the most promising approaches toward privacy-preserving quantum computing since it is not only compatible with classical DP mechanisms but also achieves privacy protection by exploiting unavoidable quantum noise in noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices. This paper provides an overview of the various implementations of QDP and their performance in terms of privacy parameters under the DP setting. Specifically, we propose a taxonomy of QDP techniques, categorizing the literature on whether internal or external randomization is used as a source to achieve QDP and how these implementations are applied to each phase of the quantum algorithm. We also discuss challenges and future directions for QDP. By summarizing recent advancements, we hope to provide a comprehensive, up-to-date review for researchers venturing into this field.
Quantum computing has revolutionized the approach to solving complex problems and handling vast datasets. However, data leakage in quantum computing may present privacy risks. While differential privacy (DP) has been a classical solution to protect privacy by injecting artificial noises, the implementation of DP within the quantum domain remains an under-explored area. We observe that there is a potential to leverage the inherent noises generated by Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) devices during quantum operations for achieving DP in quantum computing. Given that these inherent noises are uncontrollable, we take the lead to utilize quantum error mitigation (QEM) techniques to manage quantum differential privacy (QDP) protection levels. In our approach, we offer a tangible description of the "closeness" between neighboring quantum datasets and introduce a novel QDP definition based on observables of interest. Our simulations reveal that factors like the distance between neighboring quantum states and the number of circuit executions influence the privacy budget. Notably, by controlling the QEM samples while keeping the number of circuit executions fixed, QEM allows for substantial noise control to meet a desired privacy budget. Furthermore, we extend analysis from single-qubit to multiple qubits and discuss the impact of observables of interest on the privacy budget.
Quantum Machine Learning (QML) is becoming increasingly prevalent due to its potential to enhance classical machine learning (ML) tasks, such as classification. Although quantum noise is often viewed as a major challenge in quantum computing, it also offers a unique opportunity to enhance privacy. In particular, intrinsic quantum noise provides a natural stochastic resource that, when rigorously analyzed within the differential privacy (DP) framework and composed with classical mechanisms, can satisfy formal (ε,δ)(\varepsilon, δ)(ε,δ)-DP guarantees. This enables a reduction in the required classical perturbation without compromising the privacy budget, potentially improving model utility. However, the integration of classical and quantum noise for privacy preservation remains unexplored. In this work, we propose a hybrid noise-added mechanism, HYPER-Q, that combines classical and quantum noise to protect the privacy of QML models. We provide a comprehensive analysis of its privacy guarantees and establish theoretical bounds on its utility. Empirically, we demonstrate that HYPER-Q outperforms existing classical noise-based mechanisms in terms of adversarial robustness across multiple real-world datasets.
Quantum computing is a promising paradigm for efficiently solving large and high-complexity problems. However, ensuring privacy within this quantum computing necessitates innovative approaches. Existing research has introduced the concept of quantum differential privacy (QDP) to protect data privacy in quantum computing by leveraging quantum noise. Yet, this method faces limitations due to the fixed and uncontrollable nature of the inherent noise, which directly affects the privacy budget of QDP. Addressing this critical gap, our study proposes a novel approach that utilizes quantum error correction (QEC) techniques not only to mitigate quantum computing errors but also to adjust QDP protection levels precisely. By selectively applying QEC to single or multiple qubit gates, we introduce a method to manipulate the quantum noise error rate effectively. Moreover, we derive a new formula for calculating the overall error rate in a quantum circuit and the adjusted privacy budget after QEC operation. Through extensive numerical simulations, we validate the efficacy of utilizing QEC in tuning privacy protection levels within quantum computing.
This paper explores a novel approach to differential privacy utilizing quantum entanglement. Traditional differential privacy relies on adding noise to queries to obscure individual data contributions, a technique often limited by the dimensionality of the data and the potential for sophisticated attacks. We propose encoding data points into entangled qubit states, thereby leveraging the inherent correlations provided by entanglement to achieve stronger privacy guarantees. The core idea involves performing computations on these entangled states, minimizing the need for direct data exposure. Crucially, we introduce a mechanism for carefully calibrating measurement noise, exploiting the unique properties of entanglement to control the privacy loss. Our framework demonstrates the potential to significantly improve privacy levels compared to classical methods, especially when dealing with high-dimensional datasets, offering a new paradigm for privacy-preserving data analysis in the quantum realm. The theoretical analysis presents a novel framework for quantifying privacy loss, considering both the entanglement resource requirements and the calibrated noise levels. This work lays the foundation for future research into quantum-enhanced differential privacy and its implications for secure data processing.
Quantum computing has been widely applied in various fields, such as quantum physics simulations, quantum machine learning, and big data analysis. However, in the domains of data-driven paradigms, ensuring databases privacy. For classical computing, we can incorporate the concept of differential privacy (DP) to meet the standard of privacy preservation by manually adding noise. In quantum computing scenario, researchers have extended classic DP to quantum differential privacy (QDP) by considering quantum noise. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to satisfy the QDP definition by considering the errors generated by the projection operator measurement, which is denoted as shot noise. Then, we discuss the amount of privacy budget that can be achieved with shot noise, which serves as a metric for the level of privacy protection. Furthermore, we provide the QDP of shot noise in quantum circuits with depolarizing noise. Through numerical simulations, we show that shot noise can effectively provide privacy protection in quantum computing.