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arXiv:2501.01996

Exact solvability of an Ising-type model, and exact solvability of the 6-vertex, and 8-vertex, models

Pete Rigas

Published Dec 31, 2024• 0 citations
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Abstract

We compute the action-angle coordinates for an Ising type model whose L-operator has been previously studied in the literature by Bazhanov and Sergeev. In comparison to computations with such operators that have been examined previously by the author for the 4-vertex, 6-vertex, and 20-vertex, models, computations for asymptotically approximating a collection of sixteen identities with the Poisson bracket, which together constitute the Poisson structure of the Ising type model, exhibit dependencies upon nearest neighbor interactions. Inspite of the fact that L-operators for the 20-vertex model are defined in terms of combinatorial, and algebraic, constituents unlike such operators for the 6-vertex model which are defined in terms of projectors and Pauli basis elements, L-operators for the Ising-type model can be used for concluding that a model which interpolates between the 6-vertex, and 8-vertex, models is exactly solvable.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.2501.01996

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We compute the action-angle coordinates for an Ising type model whose L-operator has been previously studied in the literature by Bazhanov and Sergeev. In comparison to computations with such operators that have been examined previously by the author for the 4-vertex, 6-vertex, and 20-vertex, models, computations for asymptotically approximating a collection of sixteen identities with the Poisson bracket, which together constitute the Poisson structure of the Ising type model, exhibit dependencies upon nearest neighbor interactions. Inspite of the fact that L-operators for the 20-vertex model are defined in terms of combinatorial, and algebraic, constituents unlike such operators for the 6-vertex model which are defined in terms of projectors and Pauli basis elements, L-operators for the Ising-type model can be used for concluding that a model which interpolates between the 6-vertex, and 8-vertex, models is exactly solvable.
We implement the quantum inverse scattering method for the 4-vertex model. In comparison to previous works of the author which examined the 6-vertex, and 20-vertex, models, the 4-vertex model exhibits different characteristics, ranging from L-operators expressed in terms of projectors and Pauli matrices to algebraic and combinatorial properties, including Poisson structure and boxed plane partitions. With far fewer computations with an L-operator provided for the 4-vertex model by Bogoliubov in 2007, in comparison to those for L-operators of the 6, and 20, vertex models, from lower order expansions of the transfer matrix we derive a system of relations from the structure of operators that can be leveraged for studying characteristics of the higher-spin XXX chain in the weak finite volume limit. In comparison to quantum inverse scattering methods for the 6, and 20, vertex models which can be used to further study integrability, and exact solvability, an adaptation of such an approach for the 4-vertex model can be used to approximate, asymptotically in the weak finite volume limit, sixteen brackets which generate the Poisson structure. From explicit relations for operators of the 4-vertex transfer matrix, we conclude by discussing corresponding aspects of the Yang-Baxter algebra, which is closely related to the operators obtained from products of L-operators for approximating the transfer, and quantum monodromy, matrices. The structure of computations from L-operators of the 4-vertex model directly transfers to L-operators of the higher-spin XXX chain, revealing a similar structure of another Yang-Baxter algebra of interest.
We compute the action-angle variables for a Hamiltonian flow of the inhomogeneous six-vertex model, from a formulation introduced in a 2022 work due to Keating, Reshetikhin, and Sridhar, hence confirming a conjecture of the authors as to whether the Hamiltonian flow is integrable. To demonstrate that such an integrability property of the Hamiltonian holds from the action-angle variables, we make use of previous methods for studying Hamiltonian systems, implemented by Faddeev and Takhtajan, in which it was shown that integrability of a Hamiltonian system holds for the nonlinear Schrodinger's equation by computing action-angle variables from the Poisson bracket, which is connected to the analysis of entries of the monodromy and transfer matrices. For the inhomogeneous six-vertex model, an approach for computing the action-angle variables is possible through formulating several relations between entries of the quantum monodromy, and transfer, matrices, which can be not only be further examined from the structure of LLL operators, but also from computing several Poisson brackets parameterized from entries of the monodromy matrix.
This chapter introduces the six-vertex model defined on a two-dimensional square lattice. It describes the model in detail, since it gives an important prototype of many solvable lattice models defined on two-dimensional lattices. The eight-vertex model, which generalizes the six-vertex model directly, may be considered as the most important exactly solvable model in statistical mechanics. The chapter explores some features of the six-vertex model defined on a square lattice. It reviews a method for diagonalizing the transfer matrix, which is called the coordinate Bethe ansatz, and provides the expressions of the free energy per site in the ferroelectric, the antiferroelectric and the disordered phases, respectively. The chapter discusses some mathematical theories associated with integrable models such as the braid group and the quantum groups. It outlines the Ising model, the Potts models and the chiral Potts model and then the eight-vertex model and the interaction-round-a-face models.
We show that the celebrated six-vertex model of statistical mechanics (along with its multistate generalizations) can be reformulated as an Ising-type model with only a two-spin interaction. Such a reformulation unravels remarkable factorization properties for row to row transfer matrices, allowing one to uniformly derive all functional relations for their eigenvalues and present the coordinate Bethe ansatz for the eigenvectors for all higher spin generalizations of the six-vertex model. The possibility of the Ising-type formulation of these models raises questions about the precedence of the traditional quantum group description of the vertex models. Indeed, the role of a primary integrability condition is now played by the star-triangle relation, which is not entirely natural in the standard quantum group setting, but implies the vertex-type Yang-Baxter equation and commutativity of transfer matrices as simple corollaries. As a mathematical identity the emerging star-triangle relation is equivalent to the Pfaff-Saalschütz-Jackson summation formula, originally discovered by J. F. Pfaff in 1797. Plausibly, all vertex models associated with quantized affine Lie algebras and superalgebras can be reformulated as Ising-type models with only two-spin interactions.
A special family of solvable five-vertex model is introduced on a square lattice. In addition to the usual nearest-neighbor interactions, the vertices defining the model also interact along one of the diagonals of the lattice. This family of models includes in a special limit the standard six-vertex model. The exact solution of these models is an application of the matrix product ansatz introduced recently and applied successfully in the solution of quantum chains. The phase diagram and the free energy of the models are calculated in the thermodynamic limit. The models exhibit massless phases, and our analytical and numerical analyses indicate that such phases are governed by a conformal field theory with central charge c=1 and continuously varying critical exponents.