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arXiv:2412.19343 · Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics

Nanofiber-based second-order atomic Bragg lattice for collectively enhanced coupling

N Vera, Pablo Solano

Published Aug 27, 2026• 0 citations
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Abstract

Abstract We propose two experimental schemes for nanofiber-based compensated optical dipole traps that optimize the collective coupling of a one-dimensional array of atoms. The created array satisfies the second-order Bragg condition ( d = λ ), facilitating constructive interference of atomic radiation into the nanofiber and generating coherent back reflections of guided modes. Both schemes use far-off resonance light to minimize light scattering and atomic heating. Our numerical study focuses on the D2 line for 87 Rb atoms. The results are generalizable to different atomic species and could improve the study of collective and nonlinear atomic effects.

DOI
10.1088/1361-6455/ae9fa4

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Abstract We propose two experimental schemes for nanofiber-based compensated optical dipole traps that optimize the collective coupling of a one-dimensional array of atoms. The created array satisfies the second-order Bragg condition ( d = λ ), facilitating constructive interference of atomic radiation into the nanofiber and generating coherent back reflections of guided modes. Both schemes use far-off resonance light to minimize light scattering and atomic heating. Our numerical study focuses on the D2 line for 87 Rb atoms. The results are generalizable to different atomic species and could improve the study of collective and nonlinear atomic effects.
Towards the Observation of Collective Radiance Phenomena in a One-Dimensional Array of Waveguide-Coupled Atoms with Sub −λ/2-\lambda/2−λ/2 Spacing
Recently, it has been shown theoretically that the fidelity of photon storage and retrieval in quantum memories scales exponentially better with the number of emitters if one harnesses the collective response of closely spaced atoms ordered in an array [1]. The improved scaling relies on the effect of selective radiance, that is, destructive interference that suppresses scattering into undesired modes. This occurs when the period of an array of emitters is less than half of the atomic resonant wavelength of the probe laser(d<λ/2)(d < \lambda/2)(d<λ/2). In order to realize this situation, we trap and optically interface laser-cooled cesium atoms using a two-color nanofiber-based dipole trap [2]. It is composed of a blue-detuned partial standing wave and two red-detuned running wave light fields, which counter-propagate in the fiber to compensate the inhomgenous broadening due to the vector light shift [3]. The resulting trapping potential consists of two 1D-arrays of trapping sites on the opposite sides of the nanofiber, where the axial period isd≃0.35λd\simeq 0.35\lambdad≃0.35λ. Radially, the minima of the trapping potential are located at a distance of 300nm from the fibers surface. We characterize the trap by measuring the trap frequencies, the total number of stored atoms, the fraction of sites filled with a single atom in the collisional blockade regime, and the lifetime of the atoms.
Summary form only given. Developing light-matter interfaces is a crucial capability with unique applications to quantum optics and quantum information networks [1]. In this context, our group focuses on the study of interactions between photons guided by nanoscale waveguides and arrays of trapped atoms. Nanoscale waveguides offer a compelling platform because of the tight transverse confinement of the propagating light, the strong photon-atom coupling in single pass, and the potential long-range atom-atom interaction mediated by the guided photons [2]. Our platform, based on an optical nanofiber, already allowed the demonstration of an all-fibered optical memory with a storage and retrieval efficiency ri = 10% and a high SNR at the single photon level [3]. Then, by using an optical lattice in the evanescent field surrounding the nanofiber with a period close to commensurate with the resonant wavelength, we demonstrated large Bragg reflection by the 1D array of trapped atoms [4].
We report on the realization and characterization of a novel magic-wavelength nanofiber-based two-color optical dipole trap for cesium that allows us to generate two diametral periodic one-dimensional arrays of trapping sites with a spacing significantly smaller than half the resonant free-space wavelength of the cesium D 2 transition. This is achieved by launching a blue-detuned partial standing wave and two red-detuned light fields through the nanofiber. We trap and optically interface the atoms in the resulting periodic optical potential and characterize the trap by measuring the lifetime of the trapped atoms, the atom-light coupling strength, the filling factor, and the trap frequencies in the radial and axial directions. The implementation of this nanofiber-based optical interface with magic trapping wavelengths and sub- λ / 2 spacing is an important step towards the exploration of novel collective radiative effects, such as selective radiance.
We theoretically investigate the collective emission of one and two circular arrays of two-level atoms surrounding an optical nanofiber (ONF). Our study reveals that the radiation eigenmodes (REMs) of a single ring selectively couple to specific guided modes of the fiber, depending on their symmetry. By tuning the physical parameters of the system, we demonstrate that the emission towards radiation modes can be highly suppressed, thereby enhancing the lifetime of the atomic excitation. Two identical rings positioned at a distance from each other along the nanofiber can exchange an excitation even at large separations through nanofiber guided modes. This results in enhanced sub-and super-radiance compared to the single-ring case. The selective coupling of REMs to specific guided modes and the enhanced sub-and super-radiance in a two-ring system suggest that the ring configuration is promising for implementing efficient and versatile light-matter nanofiber-based interfaces and achieving waveguide quantum electrodynamics (WQED).
Enhancing the optical cross section is an enticing goal in light-matter interactions, due to its fundamental role in quantum and nonlinear optics. Here, we show how dipolar interactions can suppress off-axis scattering in a two-dimensional atomic array, leading to a subradiant collective mode where the optical cross section is enhanced by almost an order of magnitude. As a consequence, it is possible to attain an optical depth which implies high-fidelity extinction, from a monolayer. Using realistic experimental parameters, we also model how lattice vacancies and the atomic trapping depth affect the transmission, concluding that such high extinction should be possible, using current experimental techniques.
We experimentally and theoretically investigate collective radiative effects in an ensemble of cold atoms coupled to a single-mode optical nanofiber. Our analysis unveils the microscopic dynamics of the system, showing that collective interactions between the atoms and a single guided photon gradually build up along the atomic array in the direction of propagation of light. These results are supported by time-resolved measurements of the light transmitted and reflected by the ensemble after excitation via nanofiber-guided laser pulses, whose rise and fall times are shorter than the atomic lifetime. Superradiant decays more than 1 order of magnitude faster than the single-atom free-space decay rate are observed for emission in the forward-propagating guided mode, while at the same time, no speed-up of the decay rate is measured in the backward direction. In addition, position-resolved measurements of the light that is transmitted past the atoms are performed by inserting the nanofiber-coupled atomic array in a 45-m-long fiber ring resonator, which allow us to experimentally reveal the progressive growth of the collective response of the atomic ensemble. Our results highlight the unique opportunities offered by nanophotonic cold atom systems for the experimental investigation of collective light-matter interaction.