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arXiv:2412.11924 · Physical Review Letters

Establishing a New Benchmark in Quantum Computational Advantage with 105-qubit Zuchongzhi 3.0 Processor

Dongxin Gao, Daojin Fan, Chen Zha, Jiahao Bei, Guoqing Cai, Jianbin Cai, Sirui Cao, Fusheng Chen, Chen Jiang, K.Y. Chen, Xiawei Chen, Xiqing Chen, Zhe Chen, Zhiyuan Chen, Zihua Chen, Wenhao Chu, Huiqiu Deng, Zhibin Deng, Pei Ding, Xun Ding, Zhuzhengqi Ding, Shuai Dong, Yupeng Dong, Bo Fan, Yuanhao Fu, Song Gao, Lei Ge, Ming Gong, Jiacheng Gui, Cheng Guo, Shaojun Guo, Xiaoyang Guo, Lianchen Han, Tan He, Linyin Hong, Yisen Hu, He-Liang Huang, Yong-Heng Huo, Tao Jiang, Zuokai Jiang, Honghong Jin, Yunxiang Leng, Dayu Li, Dongdong Li, Fangyu Li, Jiaqi Li, Jinjin Li, Junyan Li, J.F. Li, Na Li, Shaowei Li, Wei Li, Yuhuai Li, Yuan Li, Futian Liang, Xuelian Liang, Nanxing Liao, Jin Lin, Weiping Lin, Dailin Liu, Hongxiu Liu, Maliang Liu, Xinyu Liu, Xuemeng Liu, Yancheng Liu, Haoxin Lou, Yuwei Ma, Lingxin Meng, Hao Lei Mou, Kailiang Nan, Binghan Nie, Meijuan Nie, Jie Ning, Le Niu, Wenyi Peng, Haoran Qian, Hao Rong, Rong Tao, Huiyan Shen, Qiong Shen, Hong Te Su, Feifan Su, Chenyin Sun, Lihua Sun, Tianzuo Sun, Yingxiu Sun, Yimeng Tan, Jun Tan, Longyue Tang, Wenbing Tu, Cai Wan, Jiafei Wang, Biao Wang, Chang Wang, Chen Wang, Chu Wang, Jian Wang, Liangyuan Wang, Rui Wang, Shengtao Wang

Published Mar 3, 2025• 120 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

In the relentless pursuit of quantum computational advantage, we present a significant advancement with the development of Zuchongzhi 3.0. This superconducting quantum computer prototype, comprising 105 qubits, achieves high operational fidelities, with single-qubit gates, two-qubit gates, and readout fidelity at 99.90%, 99.62%, and 99.13%, respectively. Our experiments with an 83-qubit, 32-cycle random circuit sampling on the Zuchongzhi 3.0 highlight its superior performance, achieving 1×10^{6} samples in just a few hundred seconds. This task is estimated to be infeasible on the most powerful classical supercomputers, Frontier, which would require approximately 5.9×10^{9} yr to replicate the task. This leap in processing power places the classical simulation cost 6 orders of magnitude beyond Google's SYC-67 and SYC-70 experiments [Morvan et al., Nature 634, 328 (2024)10.1038/s41586-024-07998-6], firmly establishing a new benchmark in quantum computational advantage. Our work not only advances the frontiers of quantum computing but also lays the groundwork for a new era where quantum processors play an essential role in tackling sophisticated real-world challenges.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.134.090601

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Recent advances in quantum computing have positioned it as one of the most transformative technological domains for future information processing. Unlike classical systems, quantum computers exploit principles such as superposition and entanglement to enable parallel computation and significantly enhanced processing capabilities. The superconducting quantum processor “Zuchongzhi-3,” consisting of 105 qubits arranged in a two-dimensional architecture, demonstrates notable progress in coherence time, operational precision, and error reduction, which are critical factors for scalable quantum computation. Its demonstrated computational performance indicates a clear advantage over classical supercomputers in solving specific complex problems, highlighting the emergence of quantum supremacy. From a security and defense perspective, such advancements introduce both opportunities and challenges. Quantum systems can be leveraged for high-speed analysis of large datasets, optimization of complex operational processes, and simulation of advanced scenarios that are beyond the reach of conventional systems. At the same time, their development signals potential disruptions to existing cryptographic frameworks and information security mechanisms. Comparative analysis with other leading quantum platforms shows that computational capability is not solely determined by qubit count, but also by system stability, architecture design, and operational reliability. Consequently, the evolution of quantum computing technologies reflects a broader trend toward integration with classical infrastructures, enabling hybrid computational models that enhance decision-making processes in dynamic and unpredictable environments.
Abstract The achievement of quantum computational advantage, also known as quantum supremacy, is a major milestone at which a quantum computer can solve a problem significantly faster than the world's most powerful classical computers. Two tasks, boson sampling and random quantum circuit sampling, have experimentally exhibited quantum advantages on photonic and superconducting platforms respectively. Classical benchmarking is essential, yet challenging, because these tasks are intractable for classical computers. This study reviews models, algorithms and large‐scale simulations of these two sampling tasks. These approaches continue to hold substantial significance for research in both current noisy intermediate‐scale quantum (NISQ) systems and future fault‐tolerant quantum computing.