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arXiv:2412.05856 · Quantum Information Processing

Development of neural network-based optimal control pulse generator for quantum logic gates using the GRAPE algorithm in NMR quantum computer

Ebrahim Khaleghian, Arash Fath Lipaei, Abolfazl Bahrampour, Morteza Nikaeen, Alireza Bahrampour

Published Apr 4, 2026• 1 citation
arXivHTMLPDF
DOI
10.1007/s11128-026-05146-9

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Real-time adaptive control of quantum systems requires rapid generation of robust, high-fidelity pulses across a continuous range of operating conditions. Standard optimization algorithms such as gradient-ascent pulse engineering (GRAPE) solve each instance independently, discarding information between runs and requiring costly reinitialization when parameters change. We present an approach to robust optimal quantum control based on model-based reinforcement learning, in which a single neural network -- embedding the Hamiltonian directly into the training pipeline -- generates robust gates across an entire family of gate configurations, without pre-computed training data. Demonstrated on a single-spin (two-level) system, the trained networks produce pulses for arbitrary rotation angles over a range of pulse durations, detunings, and field inhomogeneities in milliseconds, at fidelities comparable to multi-seed GRAPE. The framework is inherently adaptable: any parameter entering the Hamiltonian can serve as a network input, extending the approach to different systems and control settings. Beyond speed, the network reveals structure in the control landscape: it discovers the same structured phase profiles that appear in GRAPE solutions -- made identifiable through fidelity-invariant symmetry transformations -- but more consistently than independent optimization. This consistency enables smooth interpolation across the entire trained parameter space.
Pulse-level compilation can reduce the depth and calibration overhead associated with decomposing continuously parameterized quantum operations into fixed gate libraries, but conventional optimal control requires a new optimization for each target and can be sensitive to hardware uncertainty. We introduce a physics-informed neural compilation framework that learns a reusable map from continuously parameterized single-qubit gate targets directly to experimentally admissible control waveforms. The compiler is trained end-to-end through differentiable quantum dynamics without precomputed optimal-pulse labels, and its robustness is improved by first diagnosing physically relevant failure modes and then applying tail-risk-aware fine-tuning. On a three-qubit liquid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) model, the learned compiler generalizes across Haar-distributed single-qubit targets with mean nominal fidelity above 0.99 and generates new pulses in submillisecond inference time. Matched benchmarks reveal complementary advantages: robust gradient ascent pulse engineering (GRAPE) achieves the highest per-target fidelity, whereas the trained neural compiler amortizes the optimization cost across the target family, enabling substantially faster online pulse generation. Risk-aware training substantially broadens tolerance to radio-frequency (RF)-amplitude errors, including perturbations beyond the training range. Experiments on a three-spin NMR processor reproduce the predicted broadening of the RF-tolerance response, although the absolute experimental correlations are lower than the simulated values. These results establish a general workflow combining amortized machine learning, physical sensitivity diagnosis, risk-aware control, optimal-control benchmarking, and hardware testing, providing a route toward fast and robust pulse-level compilation for repeatedly varying quantum operations.