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arXiv:2412.03208 · Optics Express

Integrated InP-based transmitter for continuous-variable quantum key distribution

J. Aldama, Samael Sarmiento, Luis Trigo Vidarte, S. Etcheverry, Ignacio H. López Grande, Lorenzo Castelvero, A. Hinojosa, Tobias Beckerwerth, Yoann Piétri, Amine Rhouni, Eleni Diamanti, Valerio Pruneri

Published Feb 4, 2025• 12 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Developing quantum key distribution (QKD) systems using monolithic photonic integrated circuits (PICs) can accelerate their adoption by a wide range of markets, thanks to the potential reduction in size, complexity of the overall system, power consumption, and production cost. In this work, we design, fabricate and characterize an InP-based PIC transmitter for continuous-variable (CV) QKD applications. In a proof-of-principle experiment implementing a pulsed Gaussian-modulated coherent state (GMCS) CV-QKD protocol over an optical fiber channel of 11 km, the system showed a performance compatible with a secret key rate of 78 kbps in the asymptotic regime. These results show the potential of InP technologies to integrate CV-QKD systems onto a monolithic platform.

DOI
10.1364/oe.550386

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Toward integrating continuous-variable quantum key distribution technology

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(English) Being able to secure confidential information is imperative in today’s society, but advancements in quantum technologies pose a potential threat. In response, researchers are developing technologies based on quantum mechanics, such as quantum key distribution (QKD), in particular continuous-variable QKD (CV-QKD), which is emerging as a promising solution due to its compatibility with classical network infrastructures. However, current systems remain bulky and costly, limiting their widespread adoption. To address this challenge, the miniaturization and integration of QKD systems into monolithic photonic integrated circuits (PICs) have the potential to accelerate adoption across a broader market. This is due to the anticipated reductions in size, power consumption, production costs and overall system complexity. This work presents four pulsed Gaussian-modulated coherent state (GMCS) CV-QKD systems based on discrete components and, in the last case, a PIC. 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This system leverages the random properties of a distributed feedback (DFB) laser operating in the gain-switching (GS) mode. The study demonstrates the applicability of our proposed compact TX for GMCS generation in CV-QKD and its feasibility for integration into a metropolitan network. Finally, we describe and characterize an InP-based PIC TX tailored for CV-QKD applications. System-level proof-of-principle experiments are conducted using a shared laser approach with a pulsed GMCS CV-QKD protocol over an 11 km optical fiber channel. The results indicate potential secret key rates of 52 kbps in the asymptotic regime and 27 kbps in the finite size regime, highlighting the capabilities of the proposed PIC design and, more broadly, the properties of InP technologies for monolithic integration of CV-QKD systems. All the proof-of-principle experiments outlined in this dissertation contribute significantly to the field of miniaturizing CV-QKD systems. (Català) La capacitat d'assegurar informació confidencial és imperativa en la societat actual, però els avenços en tecnologies quàntiques plantegen una amenaça potencial. En resposta, els investigadors estan desenvolupant tecnologies basades en la mecànica quàntica, com la distribució quàntica de claus (QKD), en particular la QKD de variable contínua (CV-QKD), que està emergint com una solució prometedora a causa de la seva compatibilitat amb les infraestructures de xarxes clàssiques. No obstant això, els sistemes actuals continuen sent voluminosos i costosos i en limiten l'adopció generalitzada. Per abordar aquest desafiament, la miniaturització i la integració de sistemes QKD en circuits fotònics integrats monolítics (PICs) tenen el potencial d'accelerar l'adopció en un mercat més ampli. Això és degut a les reduccions anticipades en mida, en consum d'energia, en costos de producció i en la complexitat del sistema en general. Aquest treball presenta quatre sistemes de CV-QKD d'estat coherent gaussià modulat per polsos (GMCS), basats en components discrets i, en l'últim cas, en un PIC. La tesi comença amb un sistema modular que utilitza components discrets, com a moduladors de fase i d’amplitud. És important destacar que aquest prototip elimina la necessitat del blocatge de fase, ja que el mateix làser serveix tant com a oscil·lador local com a font per generar senyals quàntics. El sistema redueix la retrodispersió de Rayleigh mitjançant l'ús de dos canals, l’un per transmetre llum i l'altre per transmetre estats coherents. Les demostracions indiquen la operabilitat que tenen sobre distàncies metropolitanes. En el segon enfocament, el sistema mostra la paral·lelització dels senyals de CV-QKD i la coexistència de múltiples senyals quàntics amb la d’un senyal clàssic, multiplexades espacialment a través d'una fibra multicore (MCF). En aquest escenari, s'empren dos làsers, un dels quals emet el senyal de sincronització de freqüència que es propaga al llarg d'un dels nuclis del MCF. La tercera proposta introdueix un transmissor (TX) de CV-QKD simplificat que elimina la necessitat d'un modulador de fase en la generació de GMCS. Aquest sistema aprofita les propietats aleatòries d'un làser de retroalimentació distribuïda (DFB) que opera en el mode de commutació de guany (GS). L'estudi demostra l'aplicabilitat del compacte TX proposat per a la generació de GMCS en CV-QKD i la viabilitat que té per a la integració en una xarxa metropolitana. Finalment, descrivim i caracteritzem un TX basat en InP dissenyat per a aplicacions de CV-QKD. Es realitzen experiments de prova de concepte, a nivell de sistema, utilitzant un enfocament de làser compartit amb un protocol de GMCS CV-QKD polsat sobre un canal de fibra òptica d’11 km. Els resultats indiquen potencials taxes de claus secretes de 52 kbps en el règim asimptòtic i 27 kbps en el règim de mida finita, i posen de manifest les capacitats del disseny de PIC proposat i, més àmpliament, les propietats de les tecnologies InP per a la integració monolítica de sistemes de CV-QKD. Tots els experiments de prova de concepte delineats en aquesta tesi contribueixen significativament al camp de la miniaturització de sistemes de CV-QKD. (Español) La capacidad de asegurar información confidencial es imperativa en la sociedad actual, pero los avances en tecnologías cuánticas plantean una amenaza potencial. En respuesta, los investigadores están desarrollando tecnologías basadas en la mecánica cuántica, como la distribución cuántica de claves (QKD), en particular QKD de variable continua (CV-QKD), que está surgiendo como una solución prometedora debido a su compatibilidad con las infraestructuras de redes clásicas. Sin embargo, los sistemas actuales siguen siendo voluminosos y costosos, lo que limita su adopción generalizada. Para abordar este desafío, la miniaturización e integración de sistemas QKD en circuitos fotónicos integrados (PICs) monolíticos tienen el potencial de acelerar su adopción en un mercado más amplio. Esto se debe a las reducciones anticipadas en tamaño, consumo de energía, costos de producción y complejidad del sistema en general. Este trabajo presenta cuatro sistemas pulsados de CV-QKD de estado coherente con modulación Gaussiana (GMCS) basados en componentes discretos y, en el último caso, en un PIC. La tesis comienza con un sistema modular que utiliza componentes discretos, como moduladores de fase y amplitud. Es importante destacar que este prototipo elimina la necesidad de bloqueo de fase, ya que el mismo láser sirve tanto como oscilador local como fuente para generar señales cuánticas. 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El estudio demuestra la aplicabilidad de nuestro compacto TX propuesto para la generación de GMCS en CV-QKD y su viabilidad para la integración en una red metropolitana. Finalmente, describimos y caracterizamos un TX basado en InP diseñado para aplicaciones de CV-QKD. Experimentos de prueba de concepto a nivel de sistema fueron realizados utilizando el método de láser compartido con el protocolo GMCS CV-QKD pulsada a través de un canal de fibra óptica de 11 km. Los resultados indican tasas de claves secretas potenciales de 52 kbps en el régimen asintótico y 27 kbps en el régimen de tamaño finito, destacando las capacidades del diseño de PIC propuesto y, más ampliamente, las propiedades de las tecnologías InP para la integración monolítica de sistemas de CV-QKD. Todos los experimentos de prueba de concepto delineados en esta tesis contribuyen significativamente al campo de la miniaturización de sistemas de CV-QKD.

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Developing quantum key distribution (QKD) systems using monolithic photonic integrated circuits (PICs) can accelerate their adoption by a wide range of markets, thanks to the potential reduction in size, complexity of the overall system, power consumption, and production cost. In this work, we design, fabricate and characterize an InP-based PIC transmitter for continuous-variable (CV) QKD applications. In a proof-of-principle experiment implementing a pulsed Gaussian-modulated coherent state (GMCS) CV-QKD protocol over an optical fiber channel of 11 km, the system showed a performance compatible with a secret key rate of 78 kbps in the asymptotic regime. These results show the potential of InP technologies to integrate CV-QKD systems onto a monolithic platform.
(English) Being able to secure confidential information is imperative in today’s society, but advancements in quantum technologies pose a potential threat. In response, researchers are developing technologies based on quantum mechanics, such as quantum key distribution (QKD), in particular continuous-variable QKD (CV-QKD), which is emerging as a promising solution due to its compatibility with classical network infrastructures. However, current systems remain bulky and costly, limiting their widespread adoption. To address this challenge, the miniaturization and integration of QKD systems into monolithic photonic integrated circuits (PICs) have the potential to accelerate adoption across a broader market. This is due to the anticipated reductions in size, power consumption, production costs and overall system complexity. This work presents four pulsed Gaussian-modulated coherent state (GMCS) CV-QKD systems based on discrete components and, in the last case, a PIC. The thesis begins with a modular system utilizing discrete components, such as phase and amplitude modulators. Notably, this prototype eliminates the need for phase locking, as the same laser serves as both a local oscillator and the source for generating quantum signals. The system mitigates Rayleigh backscattering by employing two channels, one for transmitting light and the other for transmitting coherent states. Demonstrations indicate its operability over metropolitan distances. In the second approach, the system showcases the parallelization of CV-QKD signals and the coexistence of multiple quantum signals with a classical signal, spatially multiplexed through a multicore fiber (MCF). In this scenario, two lasers are employed, with one emitting the frequency locking signal propagating along one of the MCF’s core. The third proposal introduces a simplified CV-QKD transmitter (TX) that eliminates the need for a phase modulator in the GMCS generation. This system leverages the random properties of a distributed feedback (DFB) laser operating in the gain-switching (GS) mode. The study demonstrates the applicability of our proposed compact TX for GMCS generation in CV-QKD and its feasibility for integration into a metropolitan network. Finally, we describe and characterize an InP-based PIC TX tailored for CV-QKD applications. System-level proof-of-principle experiments are conducted using a shared laser approach with a pulsed GMCS CV-QKD protocol over an 11 km optical fiber channel. The results indicate potential secret key rates of 52 kbps in the asymptotic regime and 27 kbps in the finite size regime, highlighting the capabilities of the proposed PIC design and, more broadly, the properties of InP technologies for monolithic integration of CV-QKD systems. All the proof-of-principle experiments outlined in this dissertation contribute significantly to the field of miniaturizing CV-QKD systems. (Català) La capacitat d'assegurar informació confidencial és imperativa en la societat actual, però els avenços en tecnologies quàntiques plantegen una amenaça potencial. En resposta, els investigadors estan desenvolupant tecnologies basades en la mecànica quàntica, com la distribució quàntica de claus (QKD), en particular la QKD de variable contínua (CV-QKD), que està emergint com una solució prometedora a causa de la seva compatibilitat amb les infraestructures de xarxes clàssiques. No obstant això, els sistemes actuals continuen sent voluminosos i costosos i en limiten l'adopció generalitzada. Per abordar aquest desafiament, la miniaturització i la integració de sistemes QKD en circuits fotònics integrats monolítics (PICs) tenen el potencial d'accelerar l'adopció en un mercat més ampli. Això és degut a les reduccions anticipades en mida, en consum d'energia, en costos de producció i en la complexitat del sistema en general. Aquest treball presenta quatre sistemes de CV-QKD d'estat coherent gaussià modulat per polsos (GMCS), basats en components discrets i, en l'últim cas, en un PIC. La tesi comença amb un sistema modular que utilitza components discrets, com a moduladors de fase i d’amplitud. És important destacar que aquest prototip elimina la necessitat del blocatge de fase, ja que el mateix làser serveix tant com a oscil·lador local com a font per generar senyals quàntics. El sistema redueix la retrodispersió de Rayleigh mitjançant l'ús de dos canals, l’un per transmetre llum i l'altre per transmetre estats coherents. Les demostracions indiquen la operabilitat que tenen sobre distàncies metropolitanes. En el segon enfocament, el sistema mostra la paral·lelització dels senyals de CV-QKD i la coexistència de múltiples senyals quàntics amb la d’un senyal clàssic, multiplexades espacialment a través d'una fibra multicore (MCF). En aquest escenari, s'empren dos làsers, un dels quals emet el senyal de sincronització de freqüència que es propaga al llarg d'un dels nuclis del MCF. La tercera proposta introdueix un transmissor (TX) de CV-QKD simplificat que elimina la necessitat d'un modulador de fase en la generació de GMCS. Aquest sistema aprofita les propietats aleatòries d'un làser de retroalimentació distribuïda (DFB) que opera en el mode de commutació de guany (GS). L'estudi demostra l'aplicabilitat del compacte TX proposat per a la generació de GMCS en CV-QKD i la viabilitat que té per a la integració en una xarxa metropolitana. Finalment, descrivim i caracteritzem un TX basat en InP dissenyat per a aplicacions de CV-QKD. Es realitzen experiments de prova de concepte, a nivell de sistema, utilitzant un enfocament de làser compartit amb un protocol de GMCS CV-QKD polsat sobre un canal de fibra òptica d’11 km. Els resultats indiquen potencials taxes de claus secretes de 52 kbps en el règim asimptòtic i 27 kbps en el règim de mida finita, i posen de manifest les capacitats del disseny de PIC proposat i, més àmpliament, les propietats de les tecnologies InP per a la integració monolítica de sistemes de CV-QKD. Tots els experiments de prova de concepte delineats en aquesta tesi contribueixen significativament al camp de la miniaturització de sistemes de CV-QKD. (Español) La capacidad de asegurar información confidencial es imperativa en la sociedad actual, pero los avances en tecnologías cuánticas plantean una amenaza potencial. En respuesta, los investigadores están desarrollando tecnologías basadas en la mecánica cuántica, como la distribución cuántica de claves (QKD), en particular QKD de variable continua (CV-QKD), que está surgiendo como una solución prometedora debido a su compatibilidad con las infraestructuras de redes clásicas. Sin embargo, los sistemas actuales siguen siendo voluminosos y costosos, lo que limita su adopción generalizada. Para abordar este desafío, la miniaturización e integración de sistemas QKD en circuitos fotónicos integrados (PICs) monolíticos tienen el potencial de acelerar su adopción en un mercado más amplio. Esto se debe a las reducciones anticipadas en tamaño, consumo de energía, costos de producción y complejidad del sistema en general. Este trabajo presenta cuatro sistemas pulsados de CV-QKD de estado coherente con modulación Gaussiana (GMCS) basados en componentes discretos y, en el último caso, en un PIC. La tesis comienza con un sistema modular que utiliza componentes discretos, como moduladores de fase y amplitud. Es importante destacar que este prototipo elimina la necesidad de bloqueo de fase, ya que el mismo láser sirve tanto como oscilador local como fuente para generar señales cuánticas. El sistema mitiga la retro dispersión de Rayleigh mediante el uso de dos canales, uno para transmitir luz y otro para transmitir estados coherentes. Las demostraciones indican su funcionamiento sobre distancias metropolitanas. En el segundo enfoque, el sistema muestra la paralelización de las señales de CV-QKD y la coexistencia de múltiples señales cuánticas con una señal clásica, multiplexadas espacialmente a través de una fibra multi-núcleo (MCF). En este escenario, se utilizan dos láseres, con uno emitiendo la señal de sincronización de frecuencia que se propaga a lo largo de uno de los núcleos de la MCF. La tercera propuesta introduce un transmisor (TX) de CV-QKD simplificado que elimina la necesidad de un modulador de fase en la generación de GMCS. Este sistema aprovecha las propiedades aleatorias de un láser de retroalimentación distribuida (DFB) que opera en el modo de conmutación de ganancia (GS). El estudio demuestra la aplicabilidad de nuestro compacto TX propuesto para la generación de GMCS en CV-QKD y su viabilidad para la integración en una red metropolitana. Finalmente, describimos y caracterizamos un TX basado en InP diseñado para aplicaciones de CV-QKD. Experimentos de prueba de concepto a nivel de sistema fueron realizados utilizando el método de láser compartido con el protocolo GMCS CV-QKD pulsada a través de un canal de fibra óptica de 11 km. Los resultados indican tasas de claves secretas potenciales de 52 kbps en el régimen asintótico y 27 kbps en el régimen de tamaño finito, destacando las capacidades del diseño de PIC propuesto y, más ampliamente, las propiedades de las tecnologías InP para la integración monolítica de sistemas de CV-QKD. Todos los experimentos de prueba de concepto delineados en esta tesis contribuyen significativamente al campo de la miniaturización de sistemas de CV-QKD.
Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a quantum communication technology that offers absolute security. Among its various implementations, continuous-variable (CV) QKD has garnered significant attention due to its high secret key generation rates and compatibility with conventional optical telecommunication infrastructure, which operates under ambient conditions. However, chip-based integration is crucial for realizing practical and scalable CV-QKD networks, and photonic integrated circuit technology is a potential solution, leveraging the on-chip integration of essential optical components onto silicon photonic circuits. Therefore, this work presents a compact, stable, and cost-effective quantum photonic CV-QKD system on a chip. Our architecture combines time- and polarization-multiplexing with high-extinction-ratio pulse generation to mitigate excess noise. At the same time, a real-time feedback control mechanism compensates for polarization drift, ensuring robust system performance. Fiber-based evaluations reveal secret key generation rates of 2.55 Mbps over 25 km and 0.737 Mbps over 50 km with 12 h stable operation, establishing, to our knowledge, a new benchmark for integrated photonic CV-QKD systems with both the transmitter and receiver on-chip. These results mark a significant milestone in on-chip quantum communication, paving the way for widespread adoption of photonic integrated circuits in future metropolitan quantum-secure networks.
Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a prominent application in the field of quantum cryptography, providing information-theoretic security for secret key exchange. The implementation of QKD systems on photonic integrated circuits (PICs) can reduce the size and cost of such systems and facilitate their deployment in practical infrastructures. To this end, continuous-variable (CV) QKD systems are particularly well-suited as they do not require single-photon detectors, whose integration is presently challenging. Here we present a CV-QKD receiver based on a silicon PIC capable of performing balanced detection. We characterize its performance in a laboratory QKD setup using a frequency multiplexed pilot scheme with specifically designed data processing allowing high modulation and secret key rates. The obtained excess noise values are compatible with asymptotic secret key rates of 2.4 Mbit/s and 220 kbit/s at an emulated distance of 10 km and 23 km, respectively. These results demonstrate the potential of this technology toward fully integrated devices suitable for high-speed, metropolitan-distance secure communication.
Quantum key distribution (QKD) stands as the most successful application of quantum information science, providing information-theoretic security for key exchange. While it has evolved from proof-of-concept experiments to commercial products, widespread adoption requires chip-based integration to reduce costs, enable mass production, facilitate miniaturization, and enhance system performance. Here, we demonstrate a fully photonic-integrated continuous-variable QKD (CV-QKD) system operating at a classical telecom symbol rate of 16 GBaud. Our system integrates a silicon photonic transmitter circuit (excluding the laser source) and a 20 GHz shot-noise-limited photonic–electronic receiver, which features a phase-diverse silicon photonic integrated circuit and custom-designed GaAs pHEMT transimpedance amplifiers. Advanced digital signal processing allows our system to achieve a secure key rate for discrete-modulated coherent state CV-QKD that reaches 0.289 Gb/s and 0.246 Gb/s over a 20 km fiber link in the asymptotic regime and with finite-size parameter estimation, respectively. These results represent a critical step toward scalable, cost-effective, and mass-deployable quantum-secure communication using photonic-integrated CV-QKD systems.