Purpose The present contribution is in the field of quantum modelling of macroscopic phenomena. The focus is on one enigmatic aspect of quantum physics, namely, the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen paradox and entanglement. After a review of the state-of-the-art concerning macroscopic quantum effects and quantum interaction, this paper aims to propose a link between embryology and acupuncture in the framework of macroscopic intricate states induced by quantum mechanics. Design/methodology/approach The author uses the fractaquantum hypothesis which supposes that the quantum framework is applicable to all insecable elements in nature, whatever their size. Findings This contribution considers an open question related to a possible link between acupuncture and embryology: can a weak form of intrication be maintained during stem cell division to interpret the acupuncture meridians as an explicit manifestation of a macroscopic intricate system? The macroscopic structure suggested by quantum mechanics could be a beginning of explanation of acupuncture through the embryologic development. Research limitations/implications A fundamental hypothesis is the fact that during cell division, cells keep some weak intrication. Practical implications This contribution suggests a structure of the acupuncture meridians. The links between the acupuncture points have to be searched in the embryologic development of the individual through a weak remaing intrication of some of his cells and not in present explicit relations. Social implications A new link between occidental and oriental cultures is explored. Originality/value This contribution suggests conceptual links between acupuncture, embryology and macroscopic intricate states.
The Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) paradox was presented as an argument that quantum mechanics is an incomplete description of physical reality. However, the premises on which the argument is based are falsifiable by Bell experiments. In this paper, we examine the EPR paradox from the perspective of Schrodinger's reply to EPR. Schrodinger pointed out that the correlated states of the paradox enable the simultaneous measurement of
x^ and
p^, one by direct, the other by indirect measurement. Schrodinger's analysis takes on a timely importance because a recent experiment realizes these correlations for macroscopic atomic systems. Different to the original argument, Schrodinger's analysis applies to the experiment at the time when the measurement settings have been fixed. In this context, a subset of local realistic assumptions (not negated by Bell's theorem) implies that
x and
p are simultaneously precisely defined. Hence, an alternative EPR argument can be presented that quantum mechanics is incomplete, based on a set of (arguably) nonfalsifiable premises. As systems are amplified, macroscopic realism can be invoked, and the premises are referred to as weak macroscopic realism (wMR). In this paper, we propose a realization of Schrodinger's gedanken experiment where field quadrature phase amplitudes
X^ and
P^ replace position and momentum. Assuming wMR, we derive a criterion for the incompleteness of quantum mechanics, showing that the criterion is feasible for current experiments. Questions raised by Schrodinger are resolved. By performing simulations based on an objective-field (
Q-based) model for quantum mechanics, we illustrate the emergence on amplification of simultaneous predetermined values for
X^ and
P^. The values can be regarded as weak elements of reality, along the lines of Bell's macroscopic beables.
The “spooky action at a distance” and consequently quantum entanglement of physical systems/particles has been debated ever since the famous paper of Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen-EPR Paradox (Einstein et al., 1935). In spite of being considered of highly controversial, there has been a considerable amount of work so far addressing the issue and many scientifically successful experiments were recently carried out proving that the entanglement is a physical reality (Horodecki et al., 2009). The influence of quantum mechanics and entanglement has been far from the imagination of most scientists, eventually reaching to the ultimate concept of consciousness/mind. The entanglement theory, its connection to the consciousness/mind and finally the entanglement theory of consciousness/mind therefore demands pure scientific interest. In order to maintain the requirements, the present work firstly summarizes the quantum entanglement theory together with its relations with Bell’s inequality and finally describes an “entanglement model of consciousness/mind”.
Abstract “EINSTEIN ATTACKS QUANTUM MECHANICS” stated the headline in the New York Times, much to the chagrin of Einstein. He deplored Podolsky’s release of the Einstein, Podolsky, Rosen (EPR) paradox paper to the general public prior to its scientific review. We see how Einstein’s ideas developed both before and after the EPR paper, in which the formulation did not exactly please him. We follow the reactions of the physics community to EPR. EPR eventually led to Bell’s inequalities, meant to challenge the current form of quantum theory. Instead, it led to the experimental confirmation of its most enigmatic effect—the entanglement of two spatially separated particles.
We describe how to generate an Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) paradox between a mesoscopic mechanical oscillator and an optical pulse. We find two types of paradox, defined by whether it is the oscillator or the pulse that shows the effect Schrodinger called steering. Only the oscillator paradox addresses the question of mesoscopic local for a massive system. In that case, EPR's of reality are defined for the oscillator, and it is these elements of that are falsified (if quantum mechanics is complete). For this sort of paradox, we show that a thermal barrier exists, meaning that a threshold level of pulse-oscillator interaction is required for a given thermal occupation n_0 of the oscillator. We find there is no equivalent thermal barrier for the entanglement of the pulse with the oscillator, nor for the EPR paradox that addresses the local of the optical system. Finally, we examine the possibility of an EPR paradox between two entangled oscillators. Our work highlights the asymmetrical effect of thermal noise on quantum nonlocality.