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arXiv:2411.07181 · Physical review. B./Physical review. B

Relation between equilibrium quantum phase transitions and dynamical quantum phase transitions in two-band systems

Yumeng Zeng, Shu Chen

Published Jul 22, 2025• 5 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

The dynamical quantum phase transition (DQPT) is an important concept in nonequilibrium critical phenomena; however, its relation to the equilibrium quantum phase transition (EQPT) remains obscure. Substantial evidence has suggested that quenching across the underlying equilibrium phase boundary is neither a sufficient nor a necessary condition for the existence of the DQPT. In this work, we give a necessary and sufficient condition for the occurrence of DQPTs in two-band systems by introducing the quench fidelity, which is defined as the fidelity between the ground-state wave functions of the prequench and postquench Hamiltonian, and elaborate it by taking the one-dimensional anisotropic XY model as an example. The relation between EQPTs and DQPTs is analyzed in detail in terms of the quench fidelity.

DOI
10.1103/srx7-cpl4

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The dynamical quantum phase transition (DQPT) is an important concept in nonequilibrium critical phenomena; however, its relation to the equilibrium quantum phase transition (EQPT) remains obscure. Substantial evidence has suggested that quenching across the underlying equilibrium phase boundary is neither a sufficient nor a necessary condition for the existence of the DQPT. In this work, we give a necessary and sufficient condition for the occurrence of DQPTs in two-band systems by introducing the quench fidelity, which is defined as the fidelity between the ground-state wave functions of the prequench and postquench Hamiltonian, and elaborate it by taking the one-dimensional anisotropic XY model as an example. The relation between EQPTs and DQPTs is analyzed in detail in terms of the quench fidelity.
Understanding the properties of far-from-equilibrium quantum systems is becoming a major challenge of both fundamental and applied physics. For instance, the lack of thermalization in integrable and (many body) localized systems provides new insights in the understanding of the relaxation dynamics of quantum phases. On a more applicative side, the possibility of exploiting the properties of far-from-equilibrium states, for example in pump-probe experiments, opens unprecedented scenarios. The effort in providing a classification of far-from-equilibrium phases, in terms of local or topological order parameters, is hence intense. In this context, the concept of Dynamical Quantum Phase Transition (DQPT) has been introduced. A DQPT is (roughly) defined as a zero of the Loschmidt-Echo as a function of time and represents a natural non-equilibrium counterpart of a thermal phase transition. Here, we investigate the DQPTs occurring in the quantum xy chain subject to a quantum quench of finite duration. We show that the number of distinct DQPTs can vary as the duration of the quantum quench is varied. However, the parity of such number only depends on the pre-quench and post-quench Hamiltonians and is related to a topological invariant.
Previous investigations of dynamical quantum phase transition (DQPT) have predominantly focused on sudden quench protocols. In this work, we systematically explore the fate of DQPT from the sudden to the slow quench regime. We establish that DQPT remains robust under slow quenching when the protocol crosses an equilibrium quantum phase transition. Conversely, we show that accidental DQPTs,which occur when the pre and post quench Hamiltonians reside in the same equilibrium phase, can be filtered out in the slow quench limit. This demonstrates that slow quenches can reveal the intrinsic connection between DQPT and equilibrium quantum phase transitions, thereby enabling DQPT to serve as a dynamical probe for identifying equilibrium quantum critical points. We illustrate these findings with examples from the XY chain, the Aubry-André model, and the trimer Su-Schrieffer-Heeger model.
A sudden quantum quench of a Bloch band from one topological phase toward another has been shown to exhibit an intimate connection with the notion of a dynamical quantum phase transition (DQPT), where the returning probability of the quenched state to the initial state-i.e., the Loschmidt echo-vanishes at critical times {t^{*}}. Analytical results to date are limited to two-band models, leaving the exact relation between topology and DQPT unclear. In this Letter, we show that, for a general multiband system, a robust DQPT relies on the existence of nodes (i.e., zeros) in the wave function overlap between the initial band and the postquench energy eigenstates. These nodes are topologically protected if the two participating wave functions have distinctive topological indices. We demonstrate these ideas in detail for both one and two spatial dimensions using a three-band generalized Hofstadter model. We also discuss possible experimental observations.
We study the dynamical quantum phase transition of a critical quantum quench, in which the prequenched Hamiltonian, or the postquenched Hamiltonian, or both of them are set to be the critical points of equilibrium quantum phase transitions. We find a half-quantized or unquantized dynamical topological order parameter and dynamical Chern number; these results and also the existence of dynamical quantum phase transition are all closely related to the singularity of the Bogoliubov angle at the gap-closing momentum. The effects of the singularity may also be canceled out if both the prequenched and postquenched Hamiltonians are critical; then the dynamical topological order parameter and dynamical Chern number restore to integer ones. Our findings show that the widely accepted definitions of the dynamical topological order parameter and dynamical Chern number are problematic for the critical quenches in the perspective of topology, which call for new definitions of them.
Abstract Dynamical quantum phase transitions (DQPTs) can occur following quenches in quantum systems when the rate function, a dynamical analogue of the free energy, becomes non-analytic at critical times. Here we exhaustively investigate in an exemplary model how the dynamically evolving state responds to a second quench. We demonstrate that for quenches where the initial and final Hamiltonian belong to different phases always result in DQPTs, irrespective of the intermediate quench and dynamics or the time of the second quench. However, if the initial and final Hamiltonian belong to the same equilibrium phase then the intermediate Hamiltonian must belong to a different phase. In this case, the second quench time in relation to the critical times of the first quench becomes crucial to the existence of DQPTs.
Dynamical quantum phase transitions (DQPTs) represent a counterpart in nonequilibrium quantum time evolution of thermal phase transitions at equilibrium, where real time becomes analogous to a control parameter such as temperature. In quenched quantum systems, recently the occurrence of DQPTs has been demonstrated, both with theory and experiment, to be intimately connected to changes of topological properties. Here, we contribute to broadening the systematic understanding of this relation between topology and DQPTs to multiorbital and disordered systems. Specifically, we provide a detailed ergodicity analysis to derive criteria for DQPTs in all spatial dimensions and construct basic counterexamples to the occurrence of DQPTs in multiband topological insulator models. As a numerical case study illustrating our results, we report on microscopic simulations of the quench dynamics in the Harper-Hofstadter model. Furthermore, going gradually from multiband to disordered systems, we approach random disorder by increasing the (super)unit cell within which random perturbations are switched on adiabatically. This leads to an intriguing order of limits problem which we address by extensive numerical calculations on quenched one-dimensional topological insulators and superconductors with disorder.