This paper presents a novel hybrid Quantum Key Distribution ,QKD, protocol that combines entanglement based and non entanglement based approaches to optimize security and the number of generated keys. We introduce a dynamic system that integrates a three particle GHZ state method with the two state B92 protocol, using a quantum superposition state to probabilistically switch between them. The GHZ state component leverages strong three particle entanglement correlations for enhanced security, while the B92 component offers simplicity and potentially higher key generation rates. Implemented and simulated using Qiskit, our approach demonstrates higher number of generated keys compared to standalone protocols while maintaining robust security. We present a comprehensive analysis of the security properties and performance characteristics of the proposed protocol. The results show that this combined method effectively balances the trade offs inherent in QKD systems, offering a flexible framework adaptable to varying channel conditions and security requirements.This research contributes to ongoing efforts to make QKD more practical and efficient, potentially advancing the development of large scale, secured quantum networks.
This paper presents a novel hybrid Quantum Key Distribution ,QKD, protocol that combines entanglement based and non entanglement based approaches to optimize security and the number of generated keys. We introduce a dynamic system that integrates a three particle GHZ state method with the two state B92 protocol, using a quantum superposition state to probabilistically switch between them. The GHZ state component leverages strong three particle entanglement correlations for enhanced security, while the B92 component offers simplicity and potentially higher key generation rates. Implemented and simulated using Qiskit, our approach demonstrates higher number of generated keys compared to standalone protocols while maintaining robust security. We present a comprehensive analysis of the security properties and performance characteristics of the proposed protocol. The results show that this combined method effectively balances the trade offs inherent in QKD systems, offering a flexible framework adaptable to varying channel conditions and security requirements.This research contributes to ongoing efforts to make QKD more practical and efficient, potentially advancing the development of large scale, secured quantum networks.
Quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols fall into two main categories: entanglement‐based and non‐entanglement‐based. Although entanglement‐based QKD offers strong security, it theoretically generates fewer keys with the same number of logical qubits. In contrast, the non‐entanglement‐based method produces more keys but with reduced security. To address these concerns, in this article, we present a novel hybrid QKD protocol that combines both approaches to optimize security and key generation. We introduce a dynamic system that integrates a three‐particle entangled Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ)‐state method with the two‐particle BB84 QKD protocol, using a quantum superposition state to probabilistically switch between them. The GHZ state component leverages strong three‐particle entanglement correlations for enhanced security, while the BB84 component offers simplicity and potentially a higher number of key generation. This protocol was implemented and simulated using IBM’s Qiskit and IBM Quantum Platform; our approach demonstrates 63.48% higher number of key generation compared to the E91 protocol, although 37. 33% lower than the standalone BB84 protocol while maintaining robust security and being less prone to quantum bit error rate (QBER). The results and security discussion show that this combined method effectively balances the trade‐offs inherent in QKD systems, offering a flexible framework adaptable to varying channel conditions and security requirements.
ABSTRACT The rapid evolution of quantum computing poses a significant threat to classical cryptographic systems like Rivest‐Shamir‐Adleman (RSA) and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC), which rely on the computational hardness of problems such as integer factorization and discrete logarithms. Quantum algorithms such as Shor's algorithm can solve these problems quickly, which undermines the foundations on which classical cryptography relies. Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is an alternative to the classical methods, which promises information‐theoretic security based on quantum mechanics. Currently, there are existing QKD protocols, including BB84, B92, E91, and GHZ, all of which exhibit various real‐world limitations. For example, these QKD protocols can be vulnerable to a variety of side‐channel attacks (e.g., detector blinding, photon‐number‐splitting) and neglect to consider fluctuating network conditions. Current QKD protocols also fail to accommodate scalability for many‐to‐many or noise‐limited scenarios. Many implementations of the existing QKD protocols and other common forms of networks remain static, relying on arbitrary decisions of fixed values that yield simple linear conclusions that can be predicted and targeted in the real‐world environment. To address these omissions, we propose a new framework for dynamic or adaptive hybrid QKD in which we incorporate BB84, B92, E91, and GHZ into one common approach with all protocols selected based on a probability‐weighted distribution of (0.3, 0.2, 0.3, 0.2). In the hybrid QKD implementation, the probability weights of protocol selection are assigned with partiality toward BB84, E91, B92, and GHZ, respectively. This may also introduce a higher variety of protocols and diversity in approaches that will further limit cross‐protocol possibilities of attack vectors, while increasing the possible flexibility of adaptability in attacked situations. In addition, we incorporate an artificial intelligence (AI)‐based optimization module using a neural network to evaluate local environmental noise and quantum bit error rate (QBER) in real time. It adjusts protocol selection probabilities dynamically based on both historical and live operational data to optimize throughput while maintaining low error rates. The system architecture supports modular and parallel operation and has been mapped out and designed to be scalable and compatible with future quantum networks. We test our system using IBM's Qiskit AerSimulator utilizing a 14‐qubit register with 100 rounds of a 1% depolarization noise model, which significantly outperformed static hybrids such as Chen et al. in terms of both key rate and QBER. Our system consistently produced an average QBER of 0.02 and a key generation rate of 12 bits per round. E91 consistently produced CHSH violating confirming the fidelity of the entanglement, while BB84 displayed no QBER on all rounds. This work demonstrates the first fully integrated, AI‐assisted, dynamic hybrid QKD system. It includes all advantageous features of a QKD protocol: the dynamic adaptability of the protocol allows for a performance driven environment, the use of entangled states provides increased security, and a bottom‐up approach to real‐time optimization creating a robust, scalable, and agnostic system to any hardware used by post‐quantum cryptographic infrastructures.
With the increasing complexity of cyber threats and the emergence of quantum computing, enhancing secure communication is essential. This study explores an effective hybrid quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol that integrates photonic and atomic systems to leverage their respective strengths. The concept of symmetry plays a crucial role in this context, as it underpins the principles of entanglement and the balance between key generation and error correction. The photonic system is used for the initial key generation, while the atomic system facilitates entanglement swapping, error correction, and privacy amplification. The comprehensive theoretical framework encompasses key components, detailed security proofs, performance metrics, and an analysis of system vulnerabilities, illustrating the resilience of the hybrid protocol against potential threats. Extensive experimental studies demonstrate that the hybrid QKD protocol seamlessly integrates photonic and atomic systems, enabling secure key distribution with minimal errors and loss rates over long distances. This combination of the two systems reveals exceptional resilience against eavesdropping, significantly improving both security and robustness compared with traditional QKD protocols. Consequently, this makes it a compelling solution for secure communication in the increasingly digital world.
Secure communication has become essential due to the rapid increase in cyber-attacks and data security threats in modern networks. Traditional communication systems mainly rely on classical security methods, which may become vulnerable to advanced attacks. Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) improves secure communication by generating cryptographic keys using quantum principles, making key interception extremely difficult. In this work, a Quantum Random Number Generator (QRNG) is integrated with classical communication to develop a hybrid quantum-classical communication framework. The QRNG generates highly random bits that improve authentication, randomness, and key security. The proposed system compares three QKD protocols: BB84, B92, and E91 using different bit sizes of 8000, 10000, and 13000 bits. The protocols are evaluated using important metrics such as QBER, key rate, entropy, erasure rate, throughput, and correlation. Experimental results show that all protocols achieved entropy values close to 1 and correlation values near zero, indicating strong randomness and secure key generation. Among the evaluated protocols, E91 achieved lower QBER values and higher key rates, while BB84 showed stable and reliable performance. B92 produced comparatively higher error rates under similar conditions. The throughput remained nearly 278–281 bits/sec across all experiments. A ranking-based analysis confirmed that E91 provides the best balance between security, efficiency, and communication performance, making it suitable for future quantum-secure communication systems.
This paper proposes a novel quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol that synergistically combines multi-particle entangled messengers with chaos-based systems. The core claim is that this integration significantly enhances the security of key distribution, offering robustness against known attack methods. The underlying mechanism involves generating highly faithful multi-particle entangled messengers, typically using sophisticated systems like superconducting circuits or optical crystals. The key distribution process then leverages the sensitivity and nonlinear characteristics of chaotic systems to correlate the quantum states of these entangled messengers with classical key information. Furthermore, the system utilizes the dynamic changes within the chaotic system to introduce randomness, thereby bolstering the security of the generated key. This approach addresses limitations inherent in traditional QKD protocols that rely on single-photon source stability and entangled messenger transmission distances. The resulting system demonstrates enhanced resilience to messenger transmission instability and offers a promising avenue for secure key exchange in challenging environments. The protocol is designed to maximize key rate while simultaneously providing a high level of security, a balance often difficult to achieve in existing QKD schemes. Mathematical models are presented to illustrate the core principles and demonstrate the potential performance benefits.
This paper proposes a novel quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol leveraging quantum entanglement for enhanced security and reduced key exchange latency. The protocol utilizes entangled photon pairs to generate a shared key, combined with quantum error correction codes for reliable key recovery. The core innovation lies in the efficient use of entanglement for key generation and transmission, offering a significant improvement over classical key exchange methods. The protocol's performance is analyzed, demonstrating its potential to bolster security against eavesdropping attacks and minimize the time required to establish a secure key. The design addresses key limitations of existing QKD protocols, particularly those related to distance and efficiency. Furthermore, the integration of quantum error correction directly contributes to a more robust and practical system. This research contributes to the ongoing advancements in quantum cryptography and represents a critical step towards secure quantum communication networks.