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arXiv:2410.22723 · Journal of Physics A Mathematical and Theoretical

Magnetic field detection using a two-qubit system under noisy Heisenberg interaction

George Biswas, Sayan Sengupta, Anindya Biswas

Published Apr 2, 2025• 1 citation
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Abstract We propose a method to design a magnetic field detector using a noisy two-qubit system. The system evolves under a noisy Heisenberg interaction Hamiltonian, and we investigate its behavior by calculating both the l 1-norm of quantum coherence and the return probability in the presence and absence of an external magnetic field. We allow for decoherence modeled by quasi-static charge noise in the exchange coupling of the two-qubit system and find that, while the magnetic field does not significantly influence the decoherence process, it introduces a distinct oscillation in the return probability over time. Importantly, the oscillation frequency is directly proportional to the strength of the applied magnetic field, providing a clear signature that can be used for magnetic field detection. These results point towards the feasibility of realizing a practical quantum-based magnetic field detector, with the ability to operate under noisy conditions while maintaining sensitivity to the field strength.

DOI
10.1088/1751-8121/adc887

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Abstract We propose a method to design a magnetic field detector using a noisy two-qubit system. The system evolves under a noisy Heisenberg interaction Hamiltonian, and we investigate its behavior by calculating both the l 1-norm of quantum coherence and the return probability in the presence and absence of an external magnetic field. We allow for decoherence modeled by quasi-static charge noise in the exchange coupling of the two-qubit system and find that, while the magnetic field does not significantly influence the decoherence process, it introduces a distinct oscillation in the return probability over time. Importantly, the oscillation frequency is directly proportional to the strength of the applied magnetic field, providing a clear signature that can be used for magnetic field detection. These results point towards the feasibility of realizing a practical quantum-based magnetic field detector, with the ability to operate under noisy conditions while maintaining sensitivity to the field strength.
We theoretically consider the temporal dynamics of two coupled spin qubits (e.g., semiconductor quantum dots) driven by the interqubit spin-spin coupling. The presence of environmental noise (e.g., charge traps, nuclear spins, random magnetic impurities) is accounted for by including random magnetic field and random interqubit coupling terms in the Hamiltonian. Both Heisenberg coupling and Ising coupling between the spin qubits are considered, corresponding respectively to exchange and capacitive gates as appropriate for single spin and singlet-triplet semiconductor qubit systems, respectively. Both exchange (Heisenberg) and capacitive (Ising) coupling situations can be solved numerically exactly even in the presence of noise, leading to the key findings that (i) the steady-state return probability to the initial state remains close to unity in the presence of strong noise for many, but not all, starting spin configurations, and (ii) the return probability as a function of time is oscillatory with a characteristic noise-controlled decay toward the steady-state value. We also provide results for the magnetization dynamics of the coupled two-qubit system. Our predicted dynamics can be directly tested in the already existing semiconductor spin qubit setups providing insight into their coherent interaction dynamics. Retention of the initial state spin memory even in the presence of strong environmental noise has important implications for quantum computation using spin qubits.
We investigate the effect of magnetic field and charge noise on the generation of entanglement between two Heisenberg exchange-coupled electron spins in a double quantum dot. We focus on exchange-driven evolution that would ideally take an initial unentangled tensor product state to a maximally entangled state in the absence of noise. The presence of noise obviously adversely affects the attainment of maximal entanglement, which we study quantitatively and exactly. To quantify the effects of noise, we calculate two-qubit coherence times and entanglement fidelity, both of which can be extracted from simulations or measurements of the return probability as a function of interaction time, i.e., the time period during which the exchange coupling remains effective between the two spins. We perform these calculations for a broad range of noise strengths that includes the regime of recent experiments. We find that the two types of noise reduce the amount of entanglement in qualitatively distinct ways and that, although charge noise generally leads to faster decoherence, the relative importance of the two types of noise in entanglement creation depends sensitively on the strength of the exchange coupling. Our results can be used to determine the level of noise suppression needed to reach quantum error correction thresholds. We provide quantitative guidance for the requisite noise constraints necessary to eventually reach the >99>99%>99 fidelity consistent with the quantum error correction threshold.
We study the dynamics of a two-qubit system coupled through time dependent anisotropic XYZXYZXYZ Heisenberg interaction in presence of a time varying non-uniform external magnetic field. Exact results are presented for the time evolution of the system under certain integrability conditions. Furthermore, the corresponding entanglement of the system is studied for different values of the involved parameters. We found that the time evolution and different properties of entanglement such as amplitude, frequency and profile can be finely tuned by the interplay of the characteristics of the time-dependent magnetic field and exchange coupling. Also we show how the discrete symmetries of the system Hamiltonian, which splits its Hilbert space into two distinct subspaces, can be utilized to deduce the dynamics in one of its two distinct subspaces from the other one. Moreover, approximate results for the time evolution are provided utilizing the rotating wave as well as the perturbation approximations for the special case of either static magnetic field or exchange coupling. We compare the range of validity of the two approximation methods and their effectiveness in treating the considered system and determine their critical parameters.
Entanglement is a resource to improve the sensitivity of quantum sensors. In an ideal case, using an entangled state as a probe to detect target fields, we can beat the standard quantum limit by which all classical sensors are bounded. However, since entanglement is fragile against decoherence, it is unclear whether entanglement-enhanced metrology is useful in a noisy environment. Its benefit is indeed limited when estimating the amplitude of DC magnetic fields under the effect of parallel Markovian decoherence, where the noise operator is parallel to the target field. In this paper, on the contrary, we show an advantage to using an entanglement over the classical strategy under the effect of parallel Markovian decoherence when we try to detect AC magnetic fields. We consider a scenario to induce a Rabi oscillation of the qubits with the target AC magnetic fields. Although we can, in principle, estimate the amplitude of the AC magnetic fields from the Rabi oscillation, the signal becomes weak if the qubit frequency is significantly detuned from the frequency of the AC magnetic field. We show that, by using the GHZ states, we can significantly enhance the signal of the detuned Rabi oscillation even under the effect of parallel Markovian decoherence. Our method is based on the fact that the interaction time between the GHZ states and AC magnetic fields scales as 1/L1/L1/L to mitigate the decoherence effect where LLL is the number of qubits, which contributes to improving the bandwidth of the detectable frequencies of the AC magnetic fields. Our results open up the way for new applications of entanglement-enhanced AC magnetometry.
This study examines a quantum sensor consisting of two qubits modeled in an XXZ Heisenberg spin chain under a homogeneous magnetic field, for use in quantum thermometry and magnetometry. The sensor is subjected to a common classical environment driven by static noise and is in thermal equilibrium with a heat bath. We analyze the impact of spin–spin, Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya, and Kaplan–Shekhtman–Entin-Wohlman–Aharony interactions, as well as the static noise characterized by the disorder parameter, on the sensor's time-evolved state. We also assess the influence of magnetic field homogeneity on performance. Employing quantum Fisher information criteria, we determine the sensor's metrological precision. The performance of the proposed sensor in estimating the external magnetic field and temperature in weak and strong field regimes is different over time with temperature variations. In the strong magnetic field regime, static noise reduces the sensitivity of quantum sensing, while in the weak field regime, this effect is negligible. Our sensor achieves optimal sensitivity and precision for temperature and magnetic field estimation in the presence of static noise and in the weak magnetic field and low temperature regime. Finally, we demonstrate that the quantum sensor achieves a stable sensitivity and precision in its performance over time in quantum magnetometry and thermometry, which can be very valuable in quantum sensing. Moreover, we propose some experimental platforms for the realization of our quantum sensor.
We investigate the possibility of appearance of new phenomena derived from the influence of noise on quantum systems. As a starting point we study the entanglement evolution of two coupled qubits in interaction with an external environment and in the presence of an external magnetic field with a stochastic component. The results show the expected degradation of entanglement due to the noise. The new effect is that for particular initial states the time of disentanglement depends in a non-monotonous way on the strength of the noise. We find that it is shortest for an intermediate strength value of the noise. This we call "stochastic anti-resonance." Our new result indicates that there are noise values which are particularly harmful and should be avoided. This could lead to a better understanding of noisy perturbations and their role for optimal designing of quantum devices.