For every integer r≥ 2 and every є>0, we construct an explicit infinite family of quantum LDPC codes supporting a transversal Cr−1Z gate with length N, dimension K≥ N1−є, distance D≥ N1/r/poly(logN), and stabilizer weight w≤ poly(logN). The previous state of the art construction (in most parameter regimes) was the r-dimensional color code, which has only constant dimension K=O(1), and otherwise has the same parameters up to polylogarithmic factors. Our construction provides the first known codes with low-weight stabilizers that are capable of magic state distillation with arbitrarily small yield parameter γ=log(N/K)/log(D)>0. A classical analogue of transversal Cr−1Z gates is given by the multiplication property, which requires component-wise products of classical codewords to belong to another similar code. As a byproduct of our techniques, we also obtain a new construction of classical locally testable codes with such a multiplication property. We construct our codes as products of chain complexes associated to classical LDPC codes, which in turn we obtain by imposing local Reed-Solomon codes on a specific spectral expander that we construct. We prove that our codes support the desired transversal Cr−1Z gates by using the multiplication property to combine local circuits based on the topological structure.
For every integer r≥ 2 and every є>0, we construct an explicit infinite family of quantum LDPC codes supporting a transversal Cr−1Z gate with length N, dimension K≥ N1−є, distance D≥ N1/r/poly(logN), and stabilizer weight w≤ poly(logN). The previous state of the art construction (in most parameter regimes) was the r-dimensional color code, which has only constant dimension K=O(1), and otherwise has the same parameters up to polylogarithmic factors. Our construction provides the first known codes with low-weight stabilizers that are capable of magic state distillation with arbitrarily small yield parameter γ=log(N/K)/log(D)>0. A classical analogue of transversal Cr−1Z gates is given by the multiplication property, which requires component-wise products of classical codewords to belong to another similar code. As a byproduct of our techniques, we also obtain a new construction of classical locally testable codes with such a multiplication property. We construct our codes as products of chain complexes associated to classical LDPC codes, which in turn we obtain by imposing local Reed-Solomon codes on a specific spectral expander that we construct. We prove that our codes support the desired transversal Cr−1Z gates by using the multiplication property to combine local circuits based on the topological structure.
It is a major challenge in quantum fault-tolerance to obtain low-overhead protocols for performing non-Clifford gates. In this vein, we construct quantum codes with low-weight stabilizers that support transversal (i.e. low-depth) implementations of the non-Clifford Cr−1Z gate, for every constant r≥3. In particular, we obtain length-n quantum LDPC codes (with constant-weight stabilizers) of polynomial distance d≥n(1−ε)/r supporting transversal Cr−1Z gates on a close-to-linear number k≥n1−ε of disjoint tuples of logical qubits, for arbitrarily small ε>0. Our construction is the first with constant-weight stabilizers that obtains dk≫n, and as a consequence achieves arbitrarily small magic state overhead exponent γ=log(n/k)/log(d)>0. Comparable prior constructions instead required at least polylogarithmic stabilizer weight. We also show how to obtain linearly many k=Ω(n) logical Cr−1Z gates, though with stabilizer weight and physical circuit depth nε. We show that our transversal gates also support addressing (i.e. targeting) of specific logical qubits.
To obtain our codes, we develop a general transformation based on cup products that maps classical codes satisfying a multiplication property to quantum codes with transversal Cr−1Z. We apply this transformation to a new family of classical Tanner codes that we construct from punctured tensor products of algebraic codes.
We exhibit nontrivial transversal logical multi-controlled-Z gates on [[N,Θ(N),Θ~(N)]] quantum low-density parity-check (qLDPC) codes with soundness Θ~(1), combining nearly optimal code parameters with fault-tolerant non-Clifford gates on qLDPC and quantum locally testable codes for the first time. Remarkably, our proofs proceed through highly general algebraic arguments. Building on insights from [Li et al.,~arXiv:2603.25831], we develop a general covering space framework for constructing and computing a rich family of cohomological invariant forms on sheaf codes that induce transversal logical multi-controlled-Z. To certify their nontriviality, we further demonstrate the existence of two-way product-expanding punctured Reed--Solomon codes, which is striking in light of the many negative examples for the product expansion behavior of ordinary Reed--Solomon codes. This approach directly overcomes the previous obstruction to realizing nontrivial logical operations while simultaneously preserving the code parameters. The claimed almost-good code results follow immediately as examples.
We construct quantum codes that support transversal CCZ gates over qudits of arbitrary prime power dimension q (including q=2) such that the code dimension and distance grow linearly in the block length. The only previously known construction with such linear dimension and distance required a growing alphabet size q (Krishna & Tillich, 2019). Our codes imply protocols for magic state distillation with overhead exponent γ=log(n/k)/log(d)→0 as the block length n→∞, where k and d denote the code dimension and distance respectively. It was previously an open question to obtain such a protocol with a contant alphabet size q. We construct our codes by combining two modular components, namely, (i) a transformation from classical codes satisfying certain properties to quantum codes supporting transversal CCZ gates, and (ii) a concatenation scheme for reducing the alphabet size of codes supporting transversal CCZ gates. For this scheme we introduce a quantum analogue of multiplication-friendly codes, which provide a way to express multiplication over a field in terms of a subfield. We obtain our asymptotically good construction by instantiating (i) with algebraic-geometric codes, and applying a constant number of iterations of (ii). We also give an alternative construction with nearly asymptotically good parameters (k,d=n/2O(log∗n)) by instantiating (i) with Reed-Solomon codes and then performing a superconstant number of iterations of (ii).
We achieve linearly many parallelizable and addressable transversal logical multi-controlled-Z gates with asymptotically optimal parameters simultaneously on good quantum low-density parity check codes and quantum locally testable codes, by applying the gate framework of [arXiv:2604.01874] to good qLTC constructions. To establish the nontriviality of the logical operation, we express the cup product pairing as a coefficient in a product of Moore determinants and prove that this coefficient is nonzero. Moreover, we use the symmetries of the covering spaces to construct large spaces of cocycles. By multiplying the initial cocycles by suitable elements of these spaces, we obtain linearly many independent pairings, each selected by a corresponding cycle constructed using Poincaré duality. This yields linearly many parallelizable and addressable multi-controlled-Z gates and enables asymptotically constant-overhead magic state distillation with good qLDPC codes.
In this work, we study quantum CSS codes with transversal T gates. Here, T gate transversality is meant in the strongest sense; the application of physical T to every physical qubit yields logical T on every logical qubit, without Clifford corrections. Despite the importance of the T gate in fault-tolerant quantum computation, the parameters of asymptotic families of such codes have not been improved since the work of Hastings and Haah in 2017, and Haah in 2018. In this work, we significantly broaden the achievable parameters of quantum code families with transversal T gates, both expanding the regime of achievable polynomial rate and distance, and constructing such codes with constant rate and growing distance; this is the first time the latter has been achieved, even when allowing Clifford corrections after the transversal T gate. These are also the first codes achieving γ→0 for a code with a transversal T gate, where γ is the overhead exponent of magic state distillation.
To do this, we develop a framework of divisible decreasing monomial codes, punctured at a downward-closed set on the Boolean hypercube to create logical qubits. We prove a closed-form expression for the distance of such a code punctured at such a set, which may be of independent interest. We first instantiate this with an explicit construction based on weighted Reed-Muller codes, puncturing at low Hamming-weight points, and then with a randomised construction, where a small random set of points is protected from the puncturing to save quantum code distance, achieving improved parameters.
It is a major challenge to construct good quantum codes supporting fault-tolerant (e.g. transversal) non-Clifford gates with low-weight parity-check measurements. In this paper, we construct the first known quantum codes with linear dimension and distance supporting transversal non-Clifford gates that have sublinear locality (i.e. parity-check weight). Specifically, we construct codes with transversal CCZ gates that have dimension and distance growing linearly in the block length, and have locality growing as the square root of the block length. We furthermore design an efficient decoding algorithm for these codes. The alphabet size of these codes grows as the square root of the block length, but it can be reduced to a constant (e.g. binary) while incurring a polylogarithmic loss in other parameters. We also show how to decrease the locality to the cube root of the block length, albeit with a larger alphabet size and slightly lower distance.We construct these codes as products of classical codes with appropriate algebraic structure. While our quantum codes are subsystem codes with non-commuting gauge operators, we show they nevertheless permit error correction from noisy syndrome measurements.As byproducts, we prove multiple technical results of independent interest. In particular, our efficient decoder can be viewed as a new multivariate generalization of Prony’s method for reconstructing a function from partial access to its Fourier transform. Meanwhile, our distance analysis involves new connections to the classical study of maximally recoverable codes. Our results on product codes also resolve a conjecture of Bravyi & Hastings (2014) in the large-alphabet regime, by providing a new construction of quantum codes with linear dimension and distance and small polynomial locality.