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arXiv:2410.08428

Exact solution of the master equation for interacting quantized fields at finite temperature decay

Leonardi Hernández-Sánchez, Ivan A. Bocanegra-Garay, I. Ramos-Prieto, Francisco Soto, H. M. Moya-Cessa

Published Oct 11, 2024• 0 citations
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Abstract

We analyze the Markovian dynamics of a quantum system involving the interaction of two quantized fields at finite temperature decay. Utilizing superoperator techniques and applying two non-unitary transformations, we reformulate the Lindblad master equation into a von Neumann-like equation with an effective non-Hermitian Hamiltonian. Furthermore, an additional non-unitary transformation is employed to diagonalize this Hamiltonian, enabling us to derive an exact solution to the Lindblad master equation. This method provides a framework to calculate the evolution of any initial state in a fully quantum regime. As a specific example, we present the photon coincidence rates for two indistinguishable photons initially interacting within a cavity.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.2410.08428

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We analyze the Markovian dynamics of a quantum system involving the interaction of two quantized fields at finite temperature decay. Utilizing superoperator techniques and applying two non-unitary transformations, we reformulate the Lindblad master equation into a von Neumann-like equation with an effective non-Hermitian Hamiltonian. Furthermore, an additional non-unitary transformation is employed to diagonalize this Hamiltonian, enabling us to derive an exact solution to the Lindblad master equation. This method provides a framework to calculate the evolution of any initial state in a fully quantum regime. As a specific example, we present the photon coincidence rates for two indistinguishable photons initially interacting within a cavity.
We show that the Markovian dynamics of two coupled harmonic oscillators may be analyzed using a Schrödinger equation and an effective non-Hermitian Hamiltonian. This may be achieved by a non-unitary transformation that involves superoperators; such transformation enables the removal of quantum jump superoperators, which allows us to rewrite the Lindblad master equation in terms of a von Neumann-like equation with an effective non-Hermitian Hamiltonian. This may be generalized to an arbitrary number of interacting fields. Finally, by applying an extra non-unitary transformation, we may diagonalize the effective non-Hermitian Hamiltonian to obtain the evolution of any input state in a fully quantum domain.
In this study, we present an exact solution to the Lindblad master equation describing the interaction of two quantized electromagnetic fields in a decaying cavity coupled to a thermal reservoir at a finite temperature. The solution is obtained using the superoperator technique, leveraging commutation relations to factorize the exponential of the Lindblad superoperators into a product of exponentials. To demonstrate the applicability of this approach, we analyze the dynamics of the system both analytically and numerically for two initial conditions: nonentangled and entangled coherent states, exploring their temporal evolution. Additionally, we employ entropy and quantum discord analysis to characterize quantum correlations and analyze the behavior of entanglement (or lack thereof) during the evolution. This comprehensive analysis provides valuable insights into the behavior of open quantum systems and their interaction with the environment.
An extremely useful evolution equation that allows systematically calculating the two-time correlation functions (CF's) of system operators for non-Markovian open (dissipative) quantum systems is derived. The derivation is based on perturbative quantum master equation approach, so non-Markovian open quantum system models that are not exactly solvable can use our derived evolution equation to easily obtain their two-time CF's of system operators, valid to second order in the system-environment interaction. Since the form and nature of the Hamiltonian are not specified in our derived evolution equation, our evolution equation is applicable for bosonic and/or fermionic environments and can be applied to a wide range of system-environment models with any factorized (separable) system-environment initial states (pure or mixed). When applied to a general model of a system coupled to a finite-temperature bosonic environment with a system coupling operator L in the system-environment interaction Hamiltonian, the resultant evolution equation is valid for both L = L(†) and L ≠ L(†) cases, in contrast to those evolution equations valid only for L = L(†) case in the literature. The derived equation that generalizes the quantum regression theorem (QRT) to the non-Markovian case will have broad applications in many different branches of physics. We then give conditions on which the QRT holds in the weak system-environment coupling case and apply the derived evolution equation to a problem of a two-level system (atom) coupled to the finite-temperature bosonic environment (electromagnetic fields) with L ≠ L(†).
The Lindblad operator of the Markovian quantum master equation for an oscillator system is diagonalized by means of linear transformations of annihilation and creation operators in non-equilibrium thermo field dynamics. When the linear attenuation and amplification processes are considered, the left and right eigenstates of the Lindblad operator are constructed in terms of the transformed operators. In the linear attenuation process, the results are compared with those obtained by the damping base of the Lindblad superoperator. The base describing the time-evolution of the linear amplification process is derived and compared with the damping base. The method for diagonalizing the Lindblad operator is useful for calculating average values of physical quantities in the quantum Markovian process.
An open quantum system is a quantum system that interacts with some environment whose degrees of freedom have been coarse grained away. This model describes non-equilibrium processes more general than scattering-matrix formulations. Furthermore, the microscopically-derived environment provides a model of noise, dissipation and decoherence far more general than Markovian (white noise) models. The latter are fully characterized by Lindblad equations and can be motivated phenomenologically. Non-Markovian processes consistently account for backreaction with the environment and can incorporate effects such as finite temperature and spatial correlations. We consider linear systems with bilinear coupling to the environment, or quantum Brownian motion, and nonlinear systems with weak coupling to the environment. For linear systems we provide exact solutions with analytical results for a variety of spectral densities. Furthermore, we point out an important mathematical subtlety which led to incorrect master-equation coefficients in earlier derivations, given nonlocal dissipation. For nonlinear systems we provide perturbative solutions by translating the formalism of canonical perturbation theory into the context of master equations. It is shown that unavoidable degeneracy causes an unfortunate reduction in accuracy between perturbative master equations and their solutions. We also extend the famous theorem of Lindblad, Gorini, Kossakowski and Sudarshan on completely positivity to non-Markovian master equations. Our application is primarily to model atoms interacting via a common electromagnetic field. The electromagnetic field contains correlations in both space and time, which are related to its relativistic (photon-mediated) nature. As such, atoms residing in the same field experience different environmental effects depending upon their relative position and orientation. Our more accurate solutions were necessary to assess sudden death of entanglement at zero temperature. In contrast to previous claims, we found that all initial states of two-level atoms undergo finite-time disentanglement. We were also able to access regimes which cannot be described by Lindblad equations and other simpler methods, such as near resonance. Finally we revisit the infamous Abraham-Lorentz force, wherein a single particle in motion experiences backreaction from the electromagnetic field. This leads to a number of well-known problems including pre-acceleration and runaway solutions. We found a more a more-suitable open-system treatment of the nonrelativistic particle to be perfectly causal and dissipative without any extraneous requirements for finite size of the particle, weak coupling to the field, etc..