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arXiv:2409.10427 · IEEE International System-on-Chip Conference (SOCC)

User-Authenticated Device-Independent Quantum Secure Direct Communication Protocol

Nayana Das, Saikat Basu, Goutam Paul, Vijay S. Rao

Published Sep 16, 2024• 2 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Device-Independent Quantum Secure Direct Communication (DI-QSDC) enhances quantum cryptography by enabling secure message transmission without relying on the trustworthiness of the devices involved. This approach mitigates risks associated with compromised or untrusted devices, common in traditional quantum communication. In this paper, we propose the first of its kind DI-QSDC protocol with user identity authentication. This ensures the authenticity of both the sender and receiver prior to message exchange. We then discuss the security of the proposed protocol against common attacks, demonstrating that no eavesdropper gains any information from either the quantum or the classical channel. Next, we implement the protocol on IBM’s quantum hardware and evaluate its performance in a realistic noisy environment. Additionally, by simulating common attack models, we showcase that the protocol is secure against any eavesdropper in the channel. These findings highlight the protocol’s robust security and practical feasibility for real-world secure quantum communication.

DOI
10.1109/socc62300.2024.10737816

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Device-Independent Quantum Secure Direct Communication (DI-QSDC) enhances quantum cryptography by enabling secure message transmission without relying on the trustworthiness of the devices involved. This approach mitigates risks associated with compromised or untrusted devices, common in traditional quantum communication. In this paper, we propose the first of its kind DI-QSDC protocol with user identity authentication. This ensures the authenticity of both the sender and receiver prior to message exchange. We then discuss the security of the proposed protocol against common attacks, demonstrating that no eavesdropper gains any information from either the quantum or the classical channel. Next, we implement the protocol on IBM’s quantum hardware and evaluate its performance in a realistic noisy environment. Additionally, by simulating common attack models, we showcase that the protocol is secure against any eavesdropper in the channel. These findings highlight the protocol’s robust security and practical feasibility for real-world secure quantum communication.
Quantum Secure Direct Communication (QSDC) is an important branch of quantum cryptography, which enables the secure transmission of messages without prior key encryption. However, traditional quantum communication protocols rely on the security and trustworthiness of the devices employed to implement the protocols, which can be susceptible to attacks. Device-independent (DI) quantum protocols, on the other hand, aim to secure quantum communication independent of the devices used by leveraging fundamental principles of quantum mechanics. In this research paper, we introduce the first DI-QSDC protocol that includes user identity authentication to establish the authenticity of both sender and receiver before message exchange. We also extend this approach to a DI Quantum Dialogue (QD) protocol where both parties can send secret messages upon mutual authentication.
Quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) enables secure message transmission without needing pre-shared keys. To enhance the practical reliability of QSDC systems, measurement-device-independent (MDI) protocols have emerged, providing robust security in real-world applications. Despite the advantages of MDI protocols, their implementation has not yet accomplished communication using only single photons which are advantageous due to their ease of preparation and transmission. In this letter, by employing single photons, we propose a novel MDI-QSDC protocol with identity authentication. This protocol achieves mutual identity authentication between the communicating parties, Alice and Bob, enabling authenticated Alice to securely transmit her secret message directly to authenticated Bob. Theoretical analysis demonstrates the protocol is resilient to identity and message security threats. Simulations with practical experimental parameters and efficiency analysis highlight its potential in quantum communication.
Quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) can directly transmit secrete messages through a quantum channel. Device-independent (DI) QSDC can guarantee the communication security relying only on the observation of the Bell-inequality violation, but not on any detailed description or trust of the inner workings of users' devices. In the paper, we propose a DI-QSDC protocol with practical highly efficient single-photon sources. The communication parties construct the entanglement channel from single photons by adopting the heralded architecture, which makes the message-leakage rate independent of the photon-transmission loss. The secure communication distance and the practical communication efficiency of the current DI-QSDC protocol are about 6 times and 600 times of those in the original DI-QSDC protocol. Combining with the entanglement purification, the parties can construct the nearly perfect entanglement channel and completely eliminate the message leakage. This DI-QSDC protocol may have useful applications in the future quantum communication field.
Quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) enables direct message transmission over quantum channels. Loopholes involved in practical apparatus, particularly nonideal measurement devices, provide a potential interface for attacking practical quantum communication. Measurement-device–independent (MDI) QSDC protocols deal with all side-channel attacks on practical measurement devices and directly transmit secret messages over classical channels with both integrity and eavesdropper detection and prevention. We review the recent development of MDI QSDC protocols using both single photons and entangled photon pairs. These two types of MDI QSDC protocols are useful for their respective distinct characters and can be generalized to perform more interesting communication networks.
Quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) can directly transmit secret messages through quantum channel without keys. Device-independent (DI) QSDC guarantees the message security relying only on the observation of the Bell-inequality violation, but not on any detailed description or trust of the devices' inner workings. Compared with conventional QSDC, DI-QSDC has relatively low secret message capacity. To increase DI-QSDC's secret messages capacity, we propose a high-capacity DI-QSDC protocol based on the hyper-encoding technique. The total message leakage rate of our DI-QSDC protocol only relies on the most robust degree of freedom. We provide the numerical simulation of its secret message capacity altered with the communication distance. Our work serves as an important step toward the further development of DI-QSDC systems.
"Device-independent" not only represents a relaxation of the security assumptions about the internal working of the quantum devices, but also can enhance the security of the quantum communication. In the paper, we put forward the first device-independent quantum secure direct communication (DI-QSDC) protocol, where no assumptions are made about the way the devices work or on what quantum system they operate. We show that in the absence of noise, the DI-QSDC protocol is absolutely secure and there is no limitation for the communication distance. However, under practical noisy quantum channel condition, the photon transmission loss and photon state decoherence would reduce the communication quality and threaten its absolute security. For solving the photon transmission loss and decoherence problems, we adopt noiseless linear amplification (NLA) protocol and entanglement purification protocol (EPP) to modify the DI-QSDC protocol. With the help of the NLA and EPP, we can guarantee the absolute security of the DI-QSDC and effectively improve its communication quality.