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arXiv:2409.02354

Entangled in Spacetime

Mohammad Rasoolinejad

Published Sep 4, 2024• 0 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

This paper presents an observational analysis of the Delayed-Choice Quantum Eraser experiment through the framework of quantum mechanics. The Delayed-Choice Quantum Eraser, a variation of the classic double-slit experiment, demonstrates the intricate relationship between quantum measurement, wave-particle duality, and the temporal ordering of observations. By utilizing the principles of quantum superposition, entanglement, and the non-local collapse of the wave function, we seek to rationalize the counterintuitive outcomes observed in the experiment. Specifically, we explore how the act of measurement retroactively influences the observed behavior of particles, depending on whether or not the which-path information is available. Our analysis underscores the significance of the quantum mechanical concept of wave function collapse across spacetime, providing a deeper understanding of how quantum mechanics reconciles the delayed-choice paradox.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.2409.02354

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This paper presents an observational analysis of the Delayed-Choice Quantum Eraser experiment through the framework of quantum mechanics. The Delayed-Choice Quantum Eraser, a variation of the classic double-slit experiment, demonstrates the intricate relationship between quantum measurement, wave-particle duality, and the temporal ordering of observations. By utilizing the principles of quantum superposition, entanglement, and the non-local collapse of the wave function, we seek to rationalize the counterintuitive outcomes observed in the experiment. Specifically, we explore how the act of measurement retroactively influences the observed behavior of particles, depending on whether or not the which-path information is available. Our analysis underscores the significance of the quantum mechanical concept of wave function collapse across spacetime, providing a deeper understanding of how quantum mechanics reconciles the delayed-choice paradox.
This work presents a unified, interpretive account of quantum interference and delayed-choice experiments that applies equally to photons and massive particles. Rather than invoking spacetime trajectories, wave–particle duality, retrocausality, or collapse postulates, the paper locates quantum interference in the coherent evolution of internal, pre-geometric degrees of freedom defined over classical spacetime. Within this framework, “which-path” questions are not merely unanswered but fundamentally ill-posed: interference arises from global coherence of an internal field subject to experimental boundary conditions, while spacetime itself remains single-valued and classical at laboratory scales. The approach reproduces all standard quantum-mechanical predictions without modification and is explicitly interpretive rather than predictive. A central result is a unified explanation of why interference occurs across disparate physical systems—photons, electrons, atoms, and molecules—while decoherence manifests through system-dependent physical mechanisms. Photons and massive particles differ in how internal coherence is lost (e.g., electromagnetic absorption versus collisional and thermal interactions), but not in the underlying principle. Delayed-choice experiments are reinterpreted without paradox: changes to the apparatus modify boundary conditions for the internal field rather than retroactively altering particle histories. By removing spacetime paths from the fundamental ontology, the framework offers a consistent, path-free account of interference, decoherence, and localized detection that preserves the empirical success of quantum mechanics while clarifying its conceptual foundations.
According to Quantum Mechanics, the particles can exhibit either particle properties or wave properties depending on the experimental set up (wave-particle dualism). A special behavior occurs for a system of two entangled particles 1 and 2 that propagate along two different directions in the space. In such a case, the entangled particle 2 should exhibit either the particle behavior or the wave behavior depending on the kind of measurement that is performed on particle 1 whatever is the actual distance between the two particles. The apparently surprising fact is that the "choice" of what kind of measurement is performed on particle 1 can be also made when particle 2 has been already detected (delayed-choice quantum eraser).These theoretical predictions have been confirmed by the experiments and seem to suggest that a future measurement can affect a past event. Recently, both the concepts of "delayed choice" and of "quantum erasure" have been criticized by Ellerman and by Kastner. In this paper we propose an alternative analysis of the delayed-choice quantum eraser with two entangled particles and we show that it does not imply an inversion of the natural cause-effect temporal order of the physical events.
Abstract Wave–particle duality is a counterintuitive nature of quantum physics that challenges many common-sense assumptions, and Young’s double-slit interference is a prototypical example. While most quantum erasure experiments emphasized the choice of erasing or marking the which-path information of one quantum system, we use frequency entanglement to report a nonlocal temporal double-slit interferometer such that the which-time information determines the wave-like or particle-like behaviors. Since frequency-entangled photons are created simultaneously by using spontaneous parametric down conversion, the mark of temporal distinguishability is readily prepared by delaying one of the entangled photons, and its quantum eraser is implemented by using spectrally resolved detection with a tunable delayed choice. These results may provide an alternative aspect and insight into the role of the temporal degree in quantum-light complementarity and photon interference.
Quantum mechanics explains famous optical experiments — delayed choice, quantum eraser, and double-slit interference — using wave function collapse, nonlocality, and observer effects, endowing photons with mysterious selectivity. This paper proves these experiments require no quantum-mechanical concepts. Light is always a continuous transverse wave — slits provide boundary conditions, detectors alter them, and changing boundary conditions modify wave propagation in space. So-called "collapse upon observation" is the irreversible energy exchange between waves and macroscopic detectors; so-called "path information destroying interference" is the inevitable consequence of wave decoherence. No particle "consciousness," no retrocausality, no wave function needed — only wave propagation and ordinary boundary conditions.
Standard quantum mechanics successfully predicts the outcomes of the double-slit andquantum eraser experiments, yet does so using conceptual tools—wave–particle duality,wavefunction collapse, observer dependence, and apparent retrocausality—that remainphysically opaque. This paper reformulates both experiments within the SP3 framework, inwhich space possesses phase structure, transport memory, and saturation dynamics. WithinSP3, particles always remain localized entities, while interference arises from structuredspace-phase coherence shaped by boundary conditions. The quantum eraser is shown toinvolve conditional phase recovery rather than retrocausal influence. SP3 thus resolves theconceptual paradoxes of these experiments while preserving all empirical results.
Standard quantum mechanics successfully predicts the outcomes of the double-slit andquantum eraser experiments, yet does so using conceptual tools—wave–particle duality,wavefunction collapse, observer dependence, and apparent retrocausality—that remainphysically opaque. This paper reformulates both experiments within the SP3 framework, inwhich space possesses phase structure, transport memory, and saturation dynamics. WithinSP3, particles always remain localized entities, while interference arises from structuredspace-phase coherence shaped by boundary conditions. The quantum eraser is shown toinvolve conditional phase recovery rather than retrocausal influence. SP3 thus resolves theconceptual paradoxes of these experiments while preserving all empirical results.