Strongest nonlocal sets with minimum cardinality in multipartite systems

Abstract

Quantum nonlocality based on state discrimination describes the global property of the set of orthogonal states and has a wide range of applications in quantum cryptographic protocols. Strongest nonlocality is the strongest form of quantum nonlocality recently presented in multipartite quantum systems: a set of orthogonal multipartite quantum states is strongest nonlocal if the only orthogonality-preserving local measurements on the subsystems in every bipartition are trivial. In this work, we found a construction of strongest nonlocal sets in $\mathbb{C}^{d_{1}}\otimes \mathbb{C}^{d_{2}}\otimes \mathbb{C}^{d_{3}}$ $(2\leq d_{1}\leq d_{2}\leq d_{3})$ of size $d_2d_3+1$ without stopper states. Then we obtain the strongest nonlocal sets in four-partite systems with $d^3+1$ orthogonal states in $\mathbb{C}^d\otimes \mathbb{C}^{d}\otimes \mathbb{C}^{d}\otimes \mathbb{C}^{d}$ $(d\geq2)$ and $d_{2}d_{3}d_{4}+1$ orthogonal states in $\mathbb{C}^{d_{1}}\otimes \mathbb{C}^{d_{2}}\otimes \mathbb{C}^{d_{3}}\otimes \mathbb{C}^{d_{4}}$ $(2\leq d_{1}\leq d_{2}\leq d_{3}\leq d_{4})$. Surprisingly, the number of the elements in all above constructions perfectly reaches the recent conjectured lower bound and reduces the size of the strongest nonlocal set in $\mathbb{C}^{d}\otimes \mathbb{C}^{d}\otimes \mathbb{C}^{d}\otimes \mathbb{C}^{d}$ of [\href{https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.108.062407}{Phys. Rev. A \textbf{108}, 062407 (2023)}] by $d-2$. In particular, the general optimal construction of the strongest nonlocal set in four-partite system is completely solved for the first time, which further highlights the theory of quantum nonlocality from the perspective of state discrimination.