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arXiv:2408.02741 · Physical Review Letters

Floquet Engineering of Interactions and Entanglement in Periodically Driven Rydberg Chains

Nazlı Uğur Köylüoğlu, Nishad Maskara, Johannes Feldmeier, Mikhail D. Lukin

Published Jul 23, 2025• 10 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Neutral atom arrays driven into Rydberg states constitute a promising approach for realizing programmable quantum systems. Enabled by strong interactions associated with Rydberg blockade, they allow for simulation of complex spin models and quantum dynamics. We introduce a new Floquet engineering technique for systems in the blockade regime that provides control over novel forms of interactions and entanglement dynamics in such systems. Our approach is based on time-dependent control of Rydberg laser detuning and leverages perturbations around periodic many-body trajectories as resources for operator spreading. These time-evolved operators are utilized as a basis for engineering interactions in the effective Hamiltonian describing the stroboscopic evolution. As an example, we show how our method can be used to engineer strong spin exchange, consistent with the blockade, in a one-dimensional chain, enabling the exploration of gapless Luttinger liquid phases. In addition, we demonstrate that combining gapless excitations with Rydberg blockade can lead to dynamic generation of large-scale multipartite entanglement. Experimental feasibility and possible generalizations are discussed.

DOI
10.1103/5qhh-322q

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Neutral atom arrays driven into Rydberg states constitute a promising approach for realizing programmable quantum systems. Enabled by strong interactions associated with Rydberg blockade, they allow for simulation of complex spin models and quantum dynamics. We introduce a new Floquet engineering technique for systems in the blockade regime that provides control over novel forms of interactions and entanglement dynamics in such systems. Our approach is based on time-dependent control of Rydberg laser detuning and leverages perturbations around periodic many-body trajectories as resources for operator spreading. These time-evolved operators are utilized as a basis for engineering interactions in the effective Hamiltonian describing the stroboscopic evolution. As an example, we show how our method can be used to engineer strong spin exchange, consistent with the blockade, in a one-dimensional chain, enabling the exploration of gapless Luttinger liquid phases. In addition, we demonstrate that combining gapless excitations with Rydberg blockade can lead to dynamic generation of large-scale multipartite entanglement. Experimental feasibility and possible generalizations are discussed.
Abstract We theoretically propose a protocol for coherent quantum state control in a short periodically driven Rydberg atom array. This Floquet engineering effectively suppresses the Rabi coupling and further reshapes Rydberg–Rydberg interactions, enabling precise control of Rydberg dynamics, including population trapping and blockade dynamics. This capability permits the coherent manipulation of targeted quantum states, such as the population-trapping ground state and entangled states with single or double excitations. A key finding is the robustness of these dynamics against variations in the Rydberg atom interaction, allowing for reliable control even in weak interaction regimes. Floquet spectral analysis further reveals that the stability — and eventual breakdown — of the frozen ground state is fundamentally governed by the splitting, convergence, and spacing of quasienergy levels. Moreover, a systematic analysis of parameter dependence identifies precise operational ranges for quantum state control. These results establish a practical framework for Floquet-engineered quantum manipulation, with promising prospects for quantum information processing applications.
Neutral atom systems are promising platforms for quantum simulation and computation, owing to their long coherence times. However, their intrinsically weak ground-state interactions pose a major limitation to the advancement of scalable quantum simulation and computation. To address this challenge, we propose an approach to enhancing the ground-state interaction strength of neutral atoms via Floquet modulation of a Rydberg atomic ensemble. Each Floquet period consists of ground-state coupling followed by a pulse driving the transition from the ground state to the Rydberg state. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulations demonstrate that after a defined evolution time, neutral atoms within Rydberg ensembles can collectively form a WWW state in the ground-state manifold. Even when the Rydberg interaction strength is far below the blockade regime, the fidelity remains remarkably high. Finally, we analyze the application of this scheme in the preparation of single-photon sources. In general, our proposed mechanism offers an efficient and highly controllable method for quantum state preparation within the Rydberg atomic ensembles, significantly enhancing the accuracy and stability of quantum state engineering while providing a well-controlled quantum environment for single-photon generation.
Neutral-atom systems are promising platforms for quantum simulation and computation, owing to their long coherence times. However, their intrinsically weak ground-state interactions pose a major limitation to the advancement of scalable quantum simulation and computation. To address this challenge, we propose an approach to enhancing the ground-state interaction strength of neutral atoms via Floquet modulation of a Rydberg atomic ensemble. Each Floquet period consists of ground-state coupling followed by a pulse driving the transition from the ground state to the Rydberg state. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulations demonstrate that after a defined evolution time, neutral atoms within Rydberg ensembles can collectively form a W state in the ground-state manifold. Even when the Rydberg interaction strength is far below the blockade regime, the fidelity remains remarkably high. Finally, we analyze the application of this scheme in the preparation of single-photon sources. In general, our proposed mechanism offers an efficient and highly controllable method for quantum state preparation within the Rydberg atomic ensembles, significantly enhancing the accuracy and stability of quantum state engineering while providing a well-controlled quantum environment for single-photon generation.
Simulating quantum dynamics of lattice gauge theories (LGTs) is an exciting frontier in quantum science. Programmable quantum simulators based on neutral atom arrays are a promising approach to achieve this goal, since strong Rydberg blockade interactions can be used to naturally create low energy subspaces that can encode local gauge constraints. However, realizing regimes of LGTs where both matter and gauge fields exhibit significant dynamics requires the presence of tunable multi-body interactions such as those associated with ring exchange, which are challenging to realize directly. Here, we develop a method for generating such interactions based on time-periodic driving. Our approach utilizes controlled deviations from time-reversed trajectories, which are accessible in constrained PXP-type models via the application of frequency modulated global pulses. We show that such driving gives rise to a family of effective Hamiltonians with multi-body interactions whose strength is non-perturbative in their respective operator weight. We apply this approach to a two-dimensional U(1) LGT on the Kagome lattice, where we engineer strong six-body magnetic plaquette terms that are tunable relative to the kinetic energy of matter excitations, demonstrating access to previously unexplored dynamical regimes. Potential generalizations and prospects for experimental implementations are discussed.
Arrays of Rydberg atoms interacting via dipole-dipole interactions offer a powerful platform for probing quantum many-body physics. However, these intrinsic interactions also determine and constrain the models-and parameter regimes thereof-for quantum simulation. Here, we propose a systematic framework to engineer arbitrary desired long-range interactions in Rydberg-atom lattices, enabling the realization of fully tunable J_{1}-J_{2}-J_{3} Heisenberg models. Using site-resolved periodic modulation of Rydberg states, we develop an experimentally feasible protocol to precisely control the interaction ratios J_{2}/J_{1} and J_{3}/J_{1} in a kagome lattice. This control can increase the effective range of interactions and drive transitions between competing spin-ordered and spin-liquid phases. To generalize this approach beyond the kagome lattice, we reformulate the design of modulation patterns through a graph-theoretic approach, demonstrating the universality of our method across all 11 planar Archimedean lattices. Our strategy overcomes the inherent constraints of power-law-decaying dipolar interactions, providing a versatile toolbox for exploring frustrated magnetism, emergent topological phases, and quantum correlations in systems with long-range interactions.
Periodically driven Floquet quantum systems hold great promise for engineering exotic quantum phases and matter, but are often limited by rapid thermalization. In this work, we propose and demonstrate a square-wave-modulated Floquet engineering protocol to steer and study the thermalization dynamics in one-dimensional Rydberg atom arrays. We identify a reciprocal Floquet thermalization mechanism, which is triggered when the combination of laser detuning and Rydberg atom interactions inversely matches the Floquet period. The level statistics show narrow peaks when the reciprocal condition is met, while thermalization is suppressed between two adjacent peaks. We extract signatures of thermalization and its suppression from the stroboscopic evolution of the atomic population. Critically, thermalization occurs in a disorder-free regime, with rapid equilibration achieved within the Rydberg lifetime and experimentally accessible initial states. Our study establishes a robust framework for exploring thermalization-to-localization transitions and designing effective Hamiltonians, and highlights the unique potential of the Rydberg atom array setting for quantum simulations.