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arXiv:2407.09382

Controlization Schemes Based on Orthogonal Arrays

Anirban Ch Narayan Chowdhury, E. van den Berg, Paweł Wocjan

Published Jul 12, 2024• 0 citations
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Abstract

Realizing controlled operations is fundamental to the design and execution of quantum algorithms. In quantum simulation and learning of quantum many-body systems, an important subroutine consists of implementing a controlled Hamiltonian time-evolution. Given only black-box access to the uncontrolled evolution $e^{-iHt}$, controlizing it, i.e., implementing $\mathrm{ctrl}(e^{-iHt}) = |0\rangle\langle 0|\otimes I + |1\rangle\langle 1 |\otimes e^{-iHt}$ is non-trivial. Controlization has been recently used in quantum algorithms for transforming unknown Hamiltonian dynamics [OKTM24] leveraging a scheme introduced in Refs. [NSM15, DNSM21]. The main idea behind the scheme is to intersperse the uncontrolled evolution with suitable operations such that the overall dynamics approximates the desired controlled evolution. Although efficient, this scheme uses operations randomly sampled from an exponentially large set. In the present work, we show that more efficient controlization schemes can be constructed with the help of orthogonal arrays for unknown 2-local Hamiltonians. We conduct a detailed analysis of their performance and demonstrate the resulting improvements through numerical experiments. This construction can also be generalized to $k$-local Hamiltonians. Moreover, our controlization schemes based on orthogonal arrays can take advantage of the interaction graph's structure and be made more efficient.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.2407.09382

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Realizing controlled operations is fundamental to the design and execution of quantum algorithms. In quantum simulation and learning of quantum many-body systems, an important subroutine consists of implementing a controlled Hamiltonian time-evolution. Given only black-box access to the uncontrolled evolution e−iHte^{-iHt}e−iHt, controlizing it, i.e., implementing ctrl(e−iHt)=∣0⟩⟨0∣⊗I+∣1⟩⟨1∣⊗e−iHt\mathrm{ctrl}(e^{-iHt}) = |0\rangle\langle 0|\otimes I + |1\rangle\langle 1 |\otimes e^{-iHt}ctrl(e−iHt)=∣0⟩⟨0∣⊗I+∣1⟩⟨1∣⊗e−iHt is non-trivial. Controlization has been recently used in quantum algorithms for transforming unknown Hamiltonian dynamics [OKTM24] leveraging a scheme introduced in Refs. [NSM15, DNSM21]. The main idea behind the scheme is to intersperse the uncontrolled evolution with suitable operations such that the overall dynamics approximates the desired controlled evolution. Although efficient, this scheme uses operations randomly sampled from an exponentially large set. In the present work, we show that more efficient controlization schemes can be constructed with the help of orthogonal arrays for unknown 2-local Hamiltonians. We conduct a detailed analysis of their performance and demonstrate the resulting improvements through numerical experiments. This construction can also be generalized to kkk-local Hamiltonians. Moreover, our controlization schemes based on orthogonal arrays can take advantage of the interaction graph's structure and be made more efficient.
The task of decoupling, i.e., removing unwanted internal couplings of a quantum system and its couplings to an environment, plays an important role in quantum control theory. There are many efficient decoupling schemes based on combinatorial concepts such as orthogonal arrays, difference schemes, and Hadamard matrices. So far these combinatorial decoupling schemes have relied on the ability to effect sequences of instantaneous, arbitrarily strong control Hamiltonians (bang-bang controls). To overcome the shortcomings of bang-bang control, Viola and Knill proposed a method called ``Eulerian decoupling'' that allows the use of bounded-strength controls for decoupling. However, their method was not directly designed to take advantage of the local structure of internal couplings and couplings to an environment that typically occur in multipartite quantum systems. In this paper we define a combinatorial structure called Eulerian orthogonal array. It merges the desirable properties of orthogonal arrays and Eulerian cycles in Cayley graphs (that are the basis of Eulerian decoupling). We show that this structure gives rise to decoupling schemes with bounded-strength control Hamiltonians that can be used to remove both internal couplings and couplings to an environment of a multipartite quantum system. Furthermore, we show how to construct Eulerian orthogonal arrays having good parameters in order to obtain efficient decoupling schemes.
Manipulating Hamiltonians governing physical systems has found a broad range of applications, from quantum chemistry to semiconductor design. In this work, we provide a way of manipulating Hamiltonians, by transforming their eigenvalues while keeping their eigenstates unchanged. We develop a universal algorithm that deterministically implements any desired (suitably differentiable) function on the eigenvalues of any unknown Hamiltonian, whose positive-time and negative-time dynamics are given as a black box. Our algorithm uses correlated randomness to efficiently combine two subroutines—namely controlization and Fourier series simulation—exemplifying a general compilation procedure that we develop. The time complexity of our algorithm is significantly reduced via said compilation technique compared to a naïve concatenation of the subroutines and outperforms similar methods based on the quantum singular value transformation.
Learning the Hamiltonian of a many-body system from its dynamics is a central task in quantum science, yet the algorithms with the strongest provable guarantees assume some level of quantum control--fast, arbitrary single-qubit gates interleaved with time evolution, and measurements in arbitrary bases--that is beyond the capabilities of near-term analog quantum simulators. Motivated by analog atom- and ion-based platforms, we study Hamiltonian learning under minimal access models. Uniform state preparation and measurements: We first consider the setting where in every experiment, one can rotate each qubit to the same state, perform short-time evolution, and measure every qubit in the same basis. Surprisingly, we show that for generic 2-local Hamiltonians on any interaction graph, all of the parameters can be reconstructed from such experiments. Computational basis state preparation and measurements: We then consider a similarly constrained setting, but where state preparation and measurement are restricted to the computational basis. For nearest-neighbor Hamiltonians with only Pauli X/ZX/ZX/Z interactions, a class which captures contemporary Rydberg atom platforms, we show that over 1D and 2D rectangular lattices, all of the parameters can be reconstructed from such experiments up to unavoidable gauges. Our protocols introduce new techniques for solving structured polynomial systems over an extensive number of parameters. Taken together, our results suggest that one can learn a great deal from the dynamics of quantum many-body systems even under the most stringent experimental constraints.
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Decoupling schemes are used in quantum information processing to selectively switch off unwanted interactions in a multipartite Hamiltonian. A decoupling scheme consists of a sequence of local unitary operations which are applied to the system's qudits and alternate with the natural time evolution of the Hamiltonian. Several constructions of decoupling schemes have been given in the literature. Here we focus on two such schemes. The first is based on certain triples of submatrices of Hadamard matrices that are closed under pointwise multiplication (see Leung, “Simulation and reversal ofnnn-qubit Hamiltonians using Hadamard matrices,” J. Mod. Opt., vol. 49, pp. 1199–1217, 2002), the second uses orthogonal arrays (see Stollsteimer and Mahler, “Suppression of arbitrary internal couplings in a quantum register,” Phys. Rev. A., vol. 64, p. 052301, 2001). We show that both methods lead to the same class of decoupling schemes. We extend the first method to222-local qudit Hamiltonians, wheredgeq2d geq 2dgeq2. Furthermore, we extend the second method tottt-local qudit Hamiltonians, wheretgeq2t geq 2tgeq2anddgeq2d geq 2dgeq2, by using orthogonal arrays of strengthttt. We also establish a characterization of orthogonal arrays of strengthtttby showing that they are equivalent to decoupling schemes forttt-local Hamiltonians which have the property that they can be refined to have time-slots of equal length. The methods used to derive efficient decoupling schemes are based on classical error-correcting codes.
We propose an efficient algorithm based on shadow Hamiltonian simulation to approximately simulate the real-time dynamics of observables under time-independent Hamiltonians. Shadow Hamiltonian simulation works at the level of the operator algebra generated by the observables through commutators with the Hamiltonian. Exactly encoding the quantum state in this picture is generally inefficient for interacting systems due to the exponential growth of the operator algebra. Our algorithm overcomes this bottleneck by systematically identifying the elements of the algebra most relevant to the target observables. This targeted approach is a controlled approximation that yields a highly efficient quantum state encoding that substantially reduces the size of the qubit register required to perform the time evolution using the shadow Hamiltonian. We propose two main pruning schemes, one based on a predefined operator basis and another on a constructed Krylov basis. We also present a hybrid scheme that builds a Krylov basis within a pruned algebra in the predefined basis. We benchmark our algorithm using lattice spin systems in one and two dimensions, for both one- and higher-point correlators as observables.