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arXiv:2407.07729 · Intelligent Computing

Topological Transitions in a Kerr Nonlinear Oscillator

Juan Lin, Shou‐Bang Yang, Fan O. Wu, Zhen‐Biao Yang

Published Jan 1, 2024• 1 citation
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

A Kerr nonlinear oscillator (KNO) supports a pair of steady eigenstates, coherent states with opposite phases, that are good for the encoding of continuous variable qubit basis states. Arbitrary control of the KNO confined within the steady-state subspace allows extraction of the Berry curvature through the linear response of the physical observable to the quench velocity of the system, providing an effective method for the characterization of topology in the KNO. As an alternative, the control adopting the “shortcut to adiabaticity” to the KNO enables the exploration of the topology through accelerated adiabatic eigenstate evolution to measure all 3 physical observables. Topological transitions are revealed by the jump of the first Chern number, obtained respectively from the integral of the Berry curvature and of the new polar angle relation, over the whole parameter space. Our strategy paves the way for measuring topological transitions in continuous variable systems.

DOI
10.34133/icomputing.0099

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A Kerr nonlinear oscillator (KNO) supports a pair of steady eigenstates, coherent states with opposite phases, that are good for the encoding of continuous variable qubit basis states. Arbitrary control of the KNO confined within the steady-state subspace allows extraction of the Berry curvature through the linear response of the physical observable to the quench velocity of the system, providing an effective method for the characterization of topology in the KNO. As an alternative, the control adopting the “shortcut to adiabaticity” to the KNO enables the exploration of the topology through accelerated adiabatic eigenstate evolution to measure all 3 physical observables. Topological transitions are revealed by the jump of the first Chern number, obtained respectively from the integral of the Berry curvature and of the new polar angle relation, over the whole parameter space. Our strategy paves the way for measuring topological transitions in continuous variable systems.
Abstract A scheme for measuring topological properties in a two‐photon‐driven Kerr‐nonlinear (KNR) resonator subjected to a single‐photon modulation is proposed. The topological properties are revealed through the observation of the Berry curvature and hence the first Chern number, as a nonadiabatic response of the physical observable to the change rate of the control parameter of the modulated drive. The parameter manifold, constructed from the system's Hamiltonian that determines its dynamics constrained in the state space spanned by the even and odd cat states as two basis states, is adjusted so that the degeneracy crossing the manifold indicates a topological transition. The scheme, with such continuous variable states in mesoscopic systems, provides a new perspective for exploration of the geometry and the related topology with complex systems.
Topologically ordered phase has emerged as one of most exciting concepts that not only broadens our understanding of phases of matter, but also has been found to have potential application in fault-tolerant quantum computation. The direct measurement of topological properties, however, is still a challenge, especially in interacting quantum system. Here we realize two to four spin one-dimensional Heisenberg chains using nuclear magnetic resonance simulators and observe interaction-induced topological transitions, where Berry curvature in the parameter space of Hamiltonian is probed by means of dynamical response and then the first Chern number is extracted by integrating the curvature over the closed surface. The utilized experimental method provides a powerful means to explore topological phenomena in quantum systems with many-body interactions.
A Berry curvature is an imaginary component of the quantum geometric tensor (QGT) and is well studied in many branches of modern physics; however, the quantum metric as a real component of the QGT is less explored. Here, by using tunable superconducting circuits, we experimentally demonstrate two methods to directly measure the quantum metric tensor for characterizing the geometry and topology of underlying quantum states in parameter space. The first method is to probe the transition probability after a sudden quench, and the second one is to detect the excitation rate under weak periodic driving. Furthermore, based on quantum metric and Berry-curvature measurements, we explore a topological phase transition in a simulated time-reversal-symmetric system. The work opens up a unique approach to explore the topology of quantum states with the QGT.
Excited-state quantum phase transitions (ESQPTs) generalize the concept of quantum phase transitions to excited levels. Here we investigate how such ESQPTs can emerge in Kerr nonlinear oscillators, where a bosonic mode with a Kerr nonlinearity is subject to both coherent (one-photon) and parametric (two-photon) driving. We determine the structure and properties of the complete phase diagram by defining proper dimensionless parameters. Rich phases and phase transitions exist in the phase diagram, including phases with two or four critical energies above the ground-state level and first-order quantum phase transitions. We characterize the ESQPTs by singularities in the density of states, which show universal logarithmic divergence or discontinuity at the critical energies. Furthermore, we find that observables such as the photon number also exhibit singular behaviors at the critical energies and obey scaling laws. These results may extend our understanding of the driven Kerr oscillator and ESQPTs in finite-component systems.
We propose a general method by which experiments on ultracold gases can be used to determine the topological properties of the energy bands of optical lattices, as represented by the map of the Berry curvature across the Brillouin zone. The Berry curvature modifies the semiclassical dynamics and hence the trajectory of a wave packet undergoing Bloch oscillations. However, in two dimensions these trajectories may be complicated Lissajous-like figures, making it difficult to extract the effects of Berry curvature in general. We propose how this can be done using a ``time-reversal'' protocol. This compares the velocity of a wave packet under positive and negative external force, and allows a clean measurement of the Berry curvature over the Brillouin zone. We discuss how this protocol may be implemented and explore the semiclassical dynamics for three specific systems: the asymmetric hexagonal lattice and two ``optical flux'' lattices in which the Chern number is nonzero. Finally, we discuss general experimental considerations for observing Berry curvature effects in ultracold gases.
Topological phenomena arise in a wide range of systems, with fascinating physical consequences. There is great interest in finding new ways to measure such consequences in ultracold atomic gas experiments. These experiments have significant advantages over the solid-state as ultracold atoms are controllable, tuneable and clean. They can also be used to investigate properties which are inaccessible in other quantum systems. We explore some of the novel features of topological energy bands and topological solitons in ultracold gases. Topological energy bands have important geometrical properties described by the Berry curvature. Bands with nonzero Berry curvature arise in key areas of current research, such as optical lattices with more than one band; strong artificial magnetic fields and 2D spin-orbit coupling. Topological solitons are also relevant to cutting-edge experiments as they can be created and studied with high temporal and spatial resolution. In this thesis, we investigate the consequences of Berry curvature for the semiclassical dynamics of a wavepacket and the collective modes of an ultracold gas. We also study theoretically the dynamics of skyrmion-antiskyrmion pairs in a Bose Einstein condensate. Firstly, we propose a general method by which experiments can map the Berry curvature across the Brillouin zone, and thereby determine the topological properties of the energy bands of optical lattices. The Berry curvature modifies the semiclassical dynamics and hence the trajectory of a wavepacket undergoing Bloch oscillations. Our general protocol allows a clean measurement from the semiclassical dynamics of the Berry curvature over the Brillouin zone. We discuss how this protocol may be implemented and explore the semiclassical dynamics for three relevant systems. We discuss general experimental considerations for observing Berry curvature effects before reviewing some of the progress in the field since the publication of our work. Secondly, we show that the Berry curvature changes the hydrodynamic equations of motion for a trapped Bose-Einstein condensate, and causes significant modifications to the collective mode frequencies. We illustrate our results for the case of two-dimensional Rashba spin-orbit coupling in a Zeeman field, where we also apply both a sum rule and an operator approach to the dipole mode. Extending the operator method, we derive the effects of Berry curvature on the dipole mode in very general settings. We show that the sizes of these effects can be large and readily detected in experiment. Collective modes therefore provide a sensitive way to measure geometrical properties of topological energy bands. Lastly, we study theoretically the dynamics of two-component Bose-Einstein condensates in two dimensions, which admit topological excitations related to the skyrmions of nuclear physics. We explore a branch of uniformly propagating solitary waves, which, at high momentum, can be viewed as skyrmion-antiskyrmion pairs. We study these solitary waves for a range of interaction regimes and show that, for experimentally relevant cases, there is a transition to spatially extended spin-wave states at low momentum. We explain how this can be understood by analogy to the two-dimensional ferromagnet and discuss how such solitary waves can be generated and studied in experiment.