Characterization and generation of a standard-quantum-limit–beating catlike state through repetitive measurements

Abstract

Sensitivity in metrology without entanglement is limited by the standard quantum limit (SQL). Recent studies have found that the Heisenberg-limited scaling, the ultimate sensitivity in quantum metrology, can be achieved by generalized cat states, which are characterized by an index that indicates coherence among macroscopically distinct states and are associated with additive observables. Although generalized cat states include diverse states, encompassing classical mixtures of exponentially large numbers of states, the preparation of large generalized cat states has not been demonstrated yet. Here we characterize SQL-beating catlike states using the index $q$ indicating macroscopic coherence and prove that any state with $q>1.5$ has a potential to surpass the SQL when used as a sensor. We propose a protocol to generate them through repetitive measurements on a quantum spin system of $N$ spins, which we call a spin ensemble. Starting from a thermal equilibrium state of the spin ensemble, we demonstrate that we can increase the coherence among the spin ensemble via repetitive weak measurements of its total magnetization, which is indirectly measured through an ancillary qubit collectively coupled to the ensemble. Notably, our method for creating the SQL-beating catlike states requires no dynamical control over the spin ensemble. As a potential experimental realization, we discuss a hybrid system composed of a superconducting flux qubit and donor spins in silicon. Our results pave the way for the realization of entanglement-enhanced quantum metrology in state-of-the-art technology.