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arXiv:2407.04005

Stochastic Processes: From Classical to Quantum

Soon Hoe Lim

Published Jul 4, 2024• 0 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

The main goal of these notes is to give an introduction to the mathematics of quantum noise and some of its applications in non-equilibrium statistical mechanics. We start with some reminders from the theory of classical stochastic processes. We then provide a brief overview of quantum mechanics and quantum field theory, from the viewpoint of quantum probability and adopting the language of Hudson and Parthasarathy. We introduce quantum stochastic processes on a boson Fock space and their calculus. Whenever possible, we make connections with the relevant concepts in classical probability theory. As an application of the theory, we introduce the theory of open quantum systems, with emphasis on the physics and modeling aspects of these systems.

DOI
10.48550/arxiv.2407.04005

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The main goal of these notes is to give an introduction to the mathematics of quantum noise and some of its applications in non-equilibrium statistical mechanics. We start with some reminders from the theory of classical stochastic processes. We then provide a brief overview of quantum mechanics and quantum field theory, from the viewpoint of quantum probability and adopting the language of Hudson and Parthasarathy. We introduce quantum stochastic processes on a boson Fock space and their calculus. Whenever possible, we make connections with the relevant concepts in classical probability theory. As an application of the theory, we introduce the theory of open quantum systems, with emphasis on the physics and modeling aspects of these systems.
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Abstract This book treats the central physical concepts and mathematical techniques used to investigate the dynamics of open quantum systems. To provide a self-contained presentation, the text begins with a survey of classical probability theory and with an introduction to the foundations of quantum mechanics, with particular emphasis on its statistical interpretation and on the formulation of generalized measurement theory through quantum operations and effects. The fundamentals of density matrix theory, quantum Markov processes, and completely positive dynamical semigroups are developed. The most important master equations used in quantum optics and condensed matter theory are derived and applied to the study of many examples. Special attention is paid to the Markovian and non-Markovian theory of environment induced decoherence, its role in the dynamical description of the measurement process, and to the experimental observation of decohering electromagnetic field states. The book includes the modern formulation of open quantum systems in terms of stochastic processes in Hilbert space. Stochastic wave function methods and Monte Carlo algorithms are designed and applied to important examples from quantum optics and atomic physics. The fundamentals of the treatment of non-Markovian quantum processes in open systems are developed on the basis of various mathematical techniques, such as projection superoperator methods and influence functional techniques. In addition, the book expounds the relativistic theory of quantum measurements and the density matrix theory of relativistic quantum electrodynamics.
It is widely known that the commutative probability theory based on Kolmogorov's measure theoretic axioms and the quantum probability theory based on von Neumann's postulates were both created at about the same time in the 1930s (see, e.g., Kolmogorov [Kol50] and von Neumann [vNeu55] for the origins of these 2 very different but parallel lines of theory). Following Kolmogorov's original work, theory of the classical Markov processes has been the subject of intensive research for the last few decades. The classical theory, its applications, and their connections to other areas of research have been systematically developed by many prominent probabilists as illuminated by their widely referenced monographs such as those of Dynkin [Dyn62], Blumenthal and Getoor [BG68], Ethier and Kurtz [EK85], Renuv and Yor [RY99], and others. On the other hand, development of a complete theory of quantum stochastics such as quantum Markov processes has been progressing at a much slower pace in comparison with that of its classical counterpart. This is perhaps because development of a theory of quantum stochastics and quantum Markov processes requires an unusually large number of tools from operator theory and perhaps also because the probabilistic and analytical tools for understanding sample path behaviors of quantum stochastic processes have yet to be developed. The main goal of this monograph is to give a systematic exploration of relevant topics in quantum Markov processes in hopes of stimulating further research along this line and of stimulating interest in the classical stochastics community for research in its quantum counterpart. This monograph is written largely based on the current account of relevant research results by widely surveying relevant results contributed by many prominent researchers in quantum probability, quantum noise, quantum stochastic calculus, stochastic quantum differential equations, quantum Markov semigroups, strong quantum Markov processes, and large time asymptotic behaviors of quantum Markov semigroups through a systematic and self-contained introduction/presentation of these very interesting topics in an attempt to illuminate the rigor and beauty of quantum stochastics and quantum Markov processes.
Extensions of Quantum Stochastic Calculus (S Attal) Quantum Ito Algebras: Axioms, Representations, Decompositions (V Belavkin) Free Probability for Probabilists (P Biane) Conditional Expectations on von Neumann Algebras (C Cecchini) Classical Probability Theory: An Outline of Stochastic Integrals and Diffusions (M Emery) Quantum Stochastic Differential Equations (F Fagnola) Canonical Commutation and Anticommutation Relations (M Fannes) Quantum and Classical Stochastic Calculus (A Holevo) An Introduction to Quantum Stochastic Calculus and Some of Its Applications (R Hudson) Stationary Processes in Quantum Probability (B Kummerer)
Abstract Processes at the nanoscale happen far away from the thermodynamic limit, far from equilibrium and are dominated by fluctuations and, perhaps, even quantum effects. This book establishes a consistent thermodynamic framework for such processes by combining tools from non-equilibrium statistical mechanics and the theory of open quantum systems. The book is accessible for graduate students and of interest to all researchers striving for a deeper understanding of the laws of thermodynamics beyond their traditional realm of applicability. It puts most emphasis on the microscopic derivation and understanding of key principles and concepts as well as their interrelation. The topics covered in this book include (quantum) stochastic processes, (quantum) master equations, local detailed balance, classical stochastic thermodynamics, (quantum) fluctuation theorems, strong coupling and non non-Markovian effects, thermodynamic uncertainty relations, operational approaches, Maxwell's demon and time-reversal symmetry, among other topics. Furthermore, the book treats a few applications in detail to illustrate the general theory and its potential for practical applications. These are single-molecule pulling experiments, quantum transport and thermoelectric effects in quantum dots, the micromaser and related set-ups in quantum optics.