arXiv:2406.17772 · Physical review. D/Physical review. D.

Bell inequality is violated in charmonium decays

Marco E. Fabbrichesi, Roberto Floreanini B, Emidio Gabrielli A, Luca Marzola

Published Sep 23, 2024• 27 citations

Abstract

The experimental data on the helicity amplitudes of charmonium decays allow us to measure entanglement in final state spin correlations and test possible violations of the Bell inequality. We find that the Bell inequality is violated with a significance of 5 σ or more in the decays η c , χ c 0 , J / ψ → Λ + Λ ¯ , J / ψ → Ξ − + Ξ ¯ + , Ξ 0 + Ξ ¯ 0 , Σ − + Σ ¯ + , Σ 0 + Σ ¯ 0 , ψ ( 3686 ) → Ξ − + Ξ ¯ + , Σ − + Σ ¯ + , Σ 0 + Σ ¯

DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.110.053008

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arXiv:2406.17772 · Physical review. D/Physical review. D.

Bell inequality is violated in charmonium decays

Marco E. Fabbrichesi, Roberto Floreanini B, Emidio Gabrielli A, Luca Marzola

Published Sep 23, 2024• 27 citations

arXiv HTML PDF

Abstract

DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.110.053008

Related papers

Bell inequality is violated in B0→J/ψK*(892)0 decays

Marco E. Fabbrichesi, Roberto Floreanini B, Emidio Gabrielli A +1 more

The violation of the Bell inequality is one of the hallmarks of quantum mechanics and can be used to rule out local deterministic alternative descriptions. We utilize the data analysis published by the LHCb Collaboration on the helicity amplitudes for the decay B0→J/ψK*(892)0 to compute the entanglement among the polarizations of the final vector mesons and the violation of the Bell inequality that it entails. We find that quantum entanglement can be detected with a significance well above 5σ (nominally 84σ ) and Bell inequality is violated with a significance well above 5σ (nominally 36σ )—thereby firmly establishing these distinguishing feature of quantum mechanics at high energies in a collider setting and in the presence of strong and weak interactions. Entanglement is also present and the Bell inequality is violated in other decays of the B mesons into vector mesons, but with lesser significance. Published by the American Physical Society 2024The violation of the Bell inequality is one of the hallmarks of quantum mechanics and can be used to rule out local deterministic alternative descriptions. We utilize the data analysis published by the LHCb Collaboration on the helicity amplitudes for the decay B0→J/ψK*(892)0 to compute the entanglement among the polarizations of the final vector mesons and the violation of the Bell inequality that it entails. We find that quantum entanglement can be detected with a significance well above 5σ (nominally 84σ ) and Bell inequality is violated with a significance well above 5σ (nominally 36σ )—thereby firmly establishing these distinguishing feature of quantum mechanics at high energies in a collider setting and in the presence of strong and weak interactions. Entanglement is also present and the Bell inequality is violated in other decays of the B mesons into vector mesons, but with lesser significance. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

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This paper discusses the feasibility of testing Bell's inequality with the charmonium decays |

\eta _{\mathrm {c}} \rightarrow \Lambda \overline {\Lambda }

|⁠, |

\chi _{{\mathrm {c}}0} \rightarrow \Lambda \overline {\Lambda }

| and |

{\mathrm {J}}/\psi \rightarrow \Lambda \overline {\Lambda }

|⁠. We develop a new formulation of Bell's inequality represented with particles' orientations, which can be measured straightforwardly in experiment, and seek to ascertain if it is violated in these decay processes. It is shown that the ηc channel and the |

\chi _{c0}

| channel maximally violate Bell's inequality, while the |${\mathrm {J}}/\psi $| channel gives no inconsistency with it. Simulations dealing with experimental aspects are also implemented. The expected statistical fluctuations and achievable significance are estimated as a function of sample size.

This paper discusses the feasibility of testing Bell's inequality with the charmonium decays |

\eta _{\mathrm {c}} \rightarrow \Lambda \overline {\Lambda }

|⁠, |

\chi _{{\mathrm {c}}0} \rightarrow \Lambda \overline {\Lambda }

| and |

{\mathrm {J}}/\psi \rightarrow \Lambda \overline {\Lambda }

|⁠. We develop a new formulation of Bell's inequality represented with particles’ orientations, which can be measured straightforwardly in experiment, and seek to ascertain if it is violated in these decay processes. It is shown that the ηc channel and the |

\chi _{c0}

Bell inequality is violated in

B^0\to J/ψ\, K^{\star}(892)^0

decays

B^0\to J/ψ\,K^*(892)^0

to compute the entanglement among the polarizations of the final vector mesons and the violation of the Bell inequality that it entails. We find that quantum entanglement can be detected with a significance well above 5

σ

(nominally 84

σ

) and Bell inequality is violated with a significance well above 5

σ

(nominally 36

σ

) -- thereby firmly establishing these distinguishing feature of quantum mechanics at high energies in a collider setting and in the presence of strong and weak interactions. Entanglement is also present and the Bell inequality is violated in other decays of the

B

mesons into vector mesons, but with lesser significance.

Entanglement and Bell inequality violation in

B\to \it{ΦΦ}

decays

The decays of the

B

meson into vector mesons, observed at the LHCb experiment, provide an ideal laboratory to investigate particle physics phenomena with quantum information theory methods. In this article, we focus on the decays yielding a pair of

\itΦ

mesons to investigate the presence of entanglement in the spin correlations of the system and quantify the amount of Bell inequality violation it entails. Our results show that the present LHCb data allows access to entanglement and to the Bell inequality violation with a significance exceeding the 5

σ

threshold in both the cases. This demonstrates that the strong and electroweak interactions responsible for the

B

meson decay act as a source of entanglement and the quantum mechanics nature of high-energy phenomena. Particular attention is paid to the assessment of loopholes: deficiencies in the experimental setup which could invalidate the results of the Bell test.