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arXiv:2406.15141 · Quantum

Nonlinearity of the Fidelity in Open Qudit Systems: Gate and Noise Dependence in High-dimensional Quantum Computing

Jean-Gabriel Hartmann, Denis Janković, Rémi Pasquier, Mario Ruben, Paul-Antoine Hervieux

Published Apr 7, 2025• 2 citations
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Abstract

High-dimensional quantum computing has generated significant interest due to its potential to address scalability and error correction challenges faced by traditional qubit-based systems. This paper investigates the Average Gate Fidelity (AGF) of single qudit systems under Markovian noise in the Lindblad formalism, extending previous work by developing a comprehensive theoretical framework for the calculation of higher-order correction terms. We derive general expressions for the perturbative expansion of the Average Gate Infidelity (AGI) in terms of the environmental coupling coefficient and validate these with extensive numerical simulations, emphasizing the transition from linear to nonlinear behaviour in the strong coupling regime. Our findings highlight the dependence of AGI on qudit dimensionality, quantum gate choice, and noise strength, providing critical insights for optimising quantum gate design and error correction protocols. Additionally, we utilise our framework to identify universal bounds for the AGI in the strong coupling regime and explore the practical implications for enhancing the performance of near-term qudit architectures. This study offers a robust foundation for future research and development in high-dimensional quantum computing, contributing to the advancement of robust, high-fidelity quantum operations.

DOI
10.22331/q-2025-04-07-1690

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High-dimensional quantum computing has generated significant interest due to its potential to address scalability and error correction challenges faced by traditional qubit-based systems. This paper investigates the Average Gate Fidelity (AGF) of single qudit systems under Markovian noise in the Lindblad formalism, extending previous work by developing a comprehensive theoretical framework for the calculation of higher-order correction terms. We derive general expressions for the perturbative expansion of the Average Gate Infidelity (AGI) in terms of the environmental coupling coefficient and validate these with extensive numerical simulations, emphasizing the transition from linear to nonlinear behaviour in the strong coupling regime. Our findings highlight the dependence of AGI on qudit dimensionality, quantum gate choice, and noise strength, providing critical insights for optimising quantum gate design and error correction protocols. Additionally, we utilise our framework to identify universal bounds for the AGI in the strong coupling regime and explore the practical implications for enhancing the performance of near-term qudit architectures. This study offers a robust foundation for future research and development in high-dimensional quantum computing, contributing to the advancement of robust, high-fidelity quantum operations.
Abstract As qubit-based platforms face near-term technical challenges in terms of scalability, qudits, d -level bases of quantum information, are being implemented in multiple platforms as an alternative for Quantum Information Processing (QIP). We compare the infidelity scalings of single qudit and multiqubit systems within identical Hilbert space dimensions and noisy environments in the Lindblad formalism. We find them to be gate-independent to first-order and present an analytically-derived critical curve (d2−1)/3log⁡2(d)({d}^{2}-1)/3{\log }_{2}(d)(d2−1)/3log2​(d) ( d 2 − 1 ) / 3 log 2 ( d ) that benchmarks the operational time efficiency of qudits and qubits relative to their decoherence times. This comparison reveals conditions under which qudits offer competitive gate efficiencies compared to leading qubit platforms. Our findings, supported by numerical simulations testing the applicability and limits of the linear response formalism, highlight the relevance of qudits in near-term QIP. This provides a benchmark for evaluating qudit platforms, specifically those with lower dimensionality, in terms of their operational efficiency relative to the qubit state-of-the-art.
Mitigating noise-induced decoherence is the central challenge in controlling open quantum systems. While existing robust protocols often require precise noise models, we introduce a universal framework for noise-agnostic quantum control that achieves high-fidelity operations without prior environmental noise characterization. This framework capitalizes on the dynamical modification of the system-environment coupling through control drives, an effect rigorously encoded in the dynamical equation. Since the derived noise sensitivity metric remains independent of the coupling details between the system and the environment, our protocol demonstrates robustness against arbitrary Markovian noises within the first-order weak coupling approximation. Numerical validation through quantum state transfer and gate operations reveals near-unity fidelity across diverse noise regimes, achieving orders-of-magnitude error suppression compared to target-only approaches. This framework bridges critical gaps between theoretical control design and experimental constraints, establishing a broadly applicable strategy for high-fidelity quantum information processing across platforms such as superconducting circuits, trapped ions, and solid-state qubits.
As quantum devices are progressively scaled and refined, quantum codes will become indispensable to guarantee reliable computation in the presence of noise. Due to the difficulties of characterizing physical noise, direct measures of logical performance will be of paramount use to tune quantum codes [18]. Logical Randomized Benchmarking in [5] aimed to characterize the logical operations directly by performing randomized benchmarking using logical operators and following each operation with perfect QEC. However, due to resource limitations, physical implementations such as [14] only measure the syndrome at the end of a computation. \n \nWe develop a generalized framework for procedures that measure the fidelity of logical operations directly, logical fidelity estimation (LFE). We identify several freedoms that arise when attempting to define a fidelity which characterizes quantum error correction, specifically, in how error detection events are processed and in how often error correction is performed. We explore these freedoms by conducting a survey to eliminate inviable procedures guided by the presence of upticks, a standard signature of non-Markovianity [33]. Our survey highlights procedures that are robust to gate-dependent noise and procedures which are implementable in the near-term. We recommend applying post-selection after each gate as a benchmark for quantum codes which is robust to gate-dependent noise. We manage to eliminate some naive near-term protocols, but guaranteeing the robustness when QEC is applied at a at fixed time or when post-selection is applied at the end, are open problems.
High-fidelity two-qubit entangling gates are essential for the realization of useful quantum algorithms on quantum processors. The Mølmer-Sørensen (MS) gate has become a common choice for trapped-ion quantum computing due to its resilience to ion temperature and its demonstrated record fidelities. However, the spectral impurity of the driving laser field impacts gate performance, with phase noise influencing the qubit dynamics through mechanisms operating on different timescales. In this work, we present a comprehensive theoretical analysis of laser phase noise in the MS gate, identifying two spectral ranges which influence the gate fidelity the most: "fast" noise at frequencies near the motional mode spectrum, and "slow" noise at frequencies on the order of the inverse gate time. We derive the noise Hamiltonians for two common laser beam geometries and obtain analytical expressions for the average gate error in terms of the laser noise power spectral density and gate parameters. For slowly varying noise spectra, we provide simplified error estimates. In addition, we validate our findings against previously published numerical simulations.
The fidelity of entangling operations is a key figure of merit in quantum information processing, especially in the context of quantum error correction. High-fidelity entangling gates in neutral atoms have seen remarkable advancement recently. A full understanding of error sources and their respective contributions to gate infidelity will enable the prediction of fundamental limits on quantum gates in neutral atom platforms with realistic experimental constraints. In this work, we implement the time-optimal Rydberg controlled-Z (CZ) gate, design a circuit to benchmark its fidelity, and achieve a fidelity, averaged over symmetric input states, of 0.9971 ( 5 ) , downward corrected for leakage error, which together with our recent work [Nature 634, 321–327 (2024)] forms a new state of the art for neutral atoms. The remaining infidelity is explained by an error model, consistent with our experimental results over a range of gate speeds, with varying contributions from different error sources. Further, we develop a fidelity response theory to efficiently predict infidelity from laser noise with nontrivial power spectral densities and derive scaling laws of infidelity with gate speed. Besides its capability of predicting gate fidelity, we also utilize the fidelity response theory to compare and optimize gate protocols, to learn laser frequency noise, and to study the noise response for quantum simulation tasks. Finally, we predict that a CZ gate fidelity of ≳ 0.999 is feasible with realistic experimental upgrades.
Demonstrations of quantum computational advantage and benchmarks of quantum processors via quantum random circuit sampling are based on evaluating the linear cross-entropy benchmark (XEB). A key question in the theory of XEB is whether it approximates the fidelity of the quantum state preparation. Previous works have shown that the XEB generically approximates the fidelity in a regime where the noise rate per qudit ε\varepsilonε satisfies εN≪1\varepsilon N \ll 1εN≪1 for a system of NNN qudits and that this approximation breaks down at large noise rates. Here, we show that the breakdown of XEB as a fidelity proxy occurs as a sharp phase transition at a critical value of εN\varepsilon NεN that depends on the circuit architecture and properties of the two-qubit gates, including in particular their entangling power. We study the phase transition using a mapping of average two-copy quantities to statistical mechanics models in random quantum circuit architectures with full or one-dimensional connectivity. We explain the phase transition behavior in terms of spectral properties of the transfer matrix of the statistical mechanics model and identify two-qubit gate sets that exhibit the largest noise robustness.