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arXiv:2406.01357 · Physical Review A

Spinor Bose-Einstein condensates subject to current-density interactions

María Arazo, M. Guilleumas, R. Mayol, V. Delgado, Antonio Muñoz Mateo

Published Aug 14, 2024• 2 citations
arXivHTMLPDF

Abstract

Recently achieved chiral condensates open intriguing avenues for the study of the chiral properties induced by current-density interactions. An attempt to include these features in a spinor system is presented, which gives rise to a nonlinear, effective spin-orbit coupling that emerges from the differential orbital currents, along with constraints in the conserved quantities due to the linear coupling between spin components. Chirality pervades the resulting spectrum of stationary states and their dynamical stability, which are explored in plane waves, dark and bright solitons, and Josephson vortices. Our analytical and numerical results reveal the destabilizing role of polarization and Josephson currents and support the existence of stable nonlinear states built of linear superpositions of plane waves.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.110.023316

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Recently achieved chiral condensates open intriguing avenues for the study of the chiral properties induced by current-density interactions. An attempt to include these features in a spinor system is presented, which gives rise to a nonlinear, effective spin-orbit coupling that emerges from the differential orbital currents, along with constraints in the conserved quantities due to the linear coupling between spin components. Chirality pervades the resulting spectrum of stationary states and their dynamical stability, which are explored in plane waves, dark and bright solitons, and Josephson vortices. Our analytical and numerical results reveal the destabilizing role of polarization and Josephson currents and support the existence of stable nonlinear states built of linear superpositions of plane waves.
We report families of two-dimensional (2D) composite solitons in spinor dipolar Bose-Einstein condensates, with two localized components linearly mixed by the spin-orbit coupling (SOC), and the intrinsic nonlinearity represented by the dipole-dipole interaction (DDI) between atomic magnetic moments polarized in plane by an external magnetic field. Recently, stable solitons were predicted in the form of semivortices (composites built of coupled fundamental and vortical components) in the 2D system combining the SOC and contact attractive interactions. Replacing the latter by the anisotropic long-range DDI, we demonstrate that, for a fixed norm of the soliton, the system supports a continuous family of stable spatially asymmetric vortex solitons (AVSs), parameterized by an offset of the pivot of the vortical component relative to its fundamental counterpart. The offset is limited by a certain maximum value, while the energy of the AVS practically does not depend on the offset. At small values of the norm, the vortex solitons are subject to a weak oscillatory instability. In the present system, with the Galilean invariance broken by the SOC, the composite solitons are set in motion by a kick the strength of which exceeds a certain depinning value. The kicked solitons feature a negative effective mass, drifting along a spiral trajectory opposite to the direction of the kick. A critical angular velocity, up to which the semivortices may follow rotation of the polarizing magnetic field, is found too.
Abstract We investigate the stability and nonlinear dynamics of dark–bright (DB) solitons in a one-dimensional binary Bose–Einstein condensate subjected to synthetic spin–orbit(SO) and Rabi couplings. In the absence of SO coupling, we map the coupled Gross–Pitaevskii equations onto the integrable Manakov model to obtain exact DB soliton solutions, providing a rigorous theoretical benchmark. We demonstrate that finite SO coupling breaks integrability by inducing spin-dependent phase gradients that drive component-wise spatial separation and intrinsic density oscillations. By contrast, coherent Rabi driving enforces phase locking between spin components and supports robust breather-like excitations. Furthermore, we derive analytical continuity relations for mass and spin current densities, mapping the internal spin dynamics onto an internal Josephson-junction framework in which the gauge field acts as a continuous spatial momentum bias. Using imaginary-time propagation together with Bogoliubov–de Gennes analysis, we systematically characterise ground-state phases and excitation spectra for both symmetric and asymmetric interaction regimes in homogeneous and harmonically trapped systems. Real-time simulations further demonstrate that synthetic gauge fields and interaction quenches drive the system far from equilibrium, triggering modulational-instability-induced multi-soliton fragmentation, breathing stripe patterns, and non-equilibrium transport. Our results highlight the interplay of synthetic gauge fields, external confinement, and interaction engineering as powerful tools for controlling the stability and internal dynamics of multicomponent quantum fluids.
Ring-trapped Bose-Einstein condensates subject to spin-orbit coupling support localized dark-soliton excitations that show periodic density dynamics in real space. In addition to the density feature, the solitons also carry a localized pseudospin magnetization that exhibits a rich and tunable dynamics. Analytical results for Rashba-type spin-orbit coupling and spin-invariant interactions predict a conserved magnitude and precessional motion for the soliton magnetization that allows for the simulation of spin-related geometric phases recently seen in electronic transport measurements.
Abstract We present the phase diagram, the underlying stability and magnetic properties as well as the dynamics of nonlinear solitary wave excitations arising in the distinct phases of a harmonically confined spinor F = 1 Bose–Einstein condensate. Particularly, it is found that nonlinear excitations in the form of dark–dark–bright solitons exist in the antiferromagnetic and in the easy-axis phase of a spinor gas, being generally unstable in the former while possessing stability intervals in the latter phase. Dark–bright–bright solitons can be realized in the polar and the easy-plane phases as unstable and stable configurations respectively; the latter phase can also feature stable dark–dark–dark solitons. Importantly, the persistence of these types of states upon transitioning, by means of tuning the quadratic Zeeman coefficient from one phase to the other is unravelled. Additionally, the spin-mixing dynamics of stable and unstable matter waves is analyzed, revealing among others the coherent evolution of magnetic dark–bright, nematic dark–bright–bright and dark–dark–dark solitons. Moreover, for the unstable cases unmagnetized or magnetic droplet-like configurations and spin-waves consisting of regular and magnetic solitons are seen to dynamically emerge remaining thereafter robust while propagating for extremely large evolution times. Interestingly, exposing spinorial solitons to finite temperatures, their anti-damping in trap oscillation is showcased. It is found that the latter is suppressed for stronger bright soliton component ‘fillings’. Our investigations pave the wave for a systematic production and analysis involving spin transfer processes of such waveforms which have been recently realized in ultracold experiments.
Spin-orbit (SO) coupling can be introduced in a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) as a gauge potential acting only in a localized spatial domain. The effect of such a SO ``defect'' can be understood by transforming the system to the integrable vector model. The properties of the SO BEC change drastically if the SO defect is accompanied by the Zeeman splitting. In such a nonintegrable system, the SO defect qualitatively changes the character of soliton interactions and allows for formation of stable nearly scalar soliton complexes with almost all atoms concentrated in only one dark state. These solitons exist only if the number of particles exceeds a threshold value. We also report on the possibility of transmission and reflection of a soliton upon its scattering on the SO defect. Scattering strongly affects the pseudospin polarization and can induce pseudospin precession. The scattering can also result in almost complete atomic transfer between the dark states.
We investigate the different types of matter-wave solitons in spin-orbit-coupled spin-2 spinor Bose-Einstein condensates. Using mean-field theory and adopting the multiscale perturbation method, the original five-component Gross-Pitaevskii spin-orbit-coupled spin-2 spinor Bose-Einstein condensate model can be reduced to a single effective nonlinear Schrödinger equation, which allows us to find analytical soliton solutions of this system. In this way, for different regimes of the spin-orbit coupling, Raman coupling, and interatomic interactions, we find approximate bright and dark soliton solutions. Particularly, the type of solitons depends on the dispersion properties of the system. When the lowest-energy band has a single-well structure, we find there only exist positive mass bright or dark solitons due to the dispersion coefficient of effective nonlinear Shrödinger equation always positive. However, when the lowest-energy band has a double-well structure, there will appear positive (negative) mass bright or dark solitons because the sign of the dispersion coefficient can be positive (negative) under different momentum. We employ direct numerical simulation of the original five-component Gross-Pitaevskii equations to confirm the analytical results.